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  • acc. PHILLIPS
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    • I: Early America
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  • acc. PHILLIPS
  • America
    • I: Early America
      • Course Info
      • 1492-1763
      • 1763-1783
      • 1783-1789
      • 1789-1815
      • 1815-1849
      • 1850-1865
      • 1865-1877
    • II: Modern America
      • Course Info
      • 1865-1890
        • The Western Frontier
        • The Gilded Age
      • 1890-1920
        • Progressivism
        • Imperialism & the First World War
      • 1920-1941
        • The Roaring Twenties
        • The Great Depression
      • 1941-1962
        • The Second World War
        • The Early Cold War
      • 1950-1975
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      • 1968-1991
        • The Late Cold War
        • Pop Culture
      • 1991-Today
        • The Culture Wars
        • The War on Terror
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Sovereignty,
​c. 1648-1815

Picture
Justified and rationalized by theories of political sovereignty, states adopted a variety of methods to acquire the human, fiscal, and material resources essential for the promotion ​of their interests.

Sovereignty,
c. 1648-1815

Between 1648 and 1815, the sovereign state was consolidated as the principal form of political organization across Europe. Justified and rationalized by theories of political sovereignty, states adopted a variety of methods to acquire the human, fiscal, and material resources essential for the promotion of their interests. Although challenged and sometimes effectively resisted by various social groups and institutions, the typical state of the period, best exemplified by the rule of Louis XIV in France, asserted claims to absolute authority within its borders. A few states, most notably England and the Dutch Republic, gradually developed governments in which the authority of the executive was restricted by legislative bodies protecting the interests of the landowning and commercial classes.
 
Between the Peace of Westphalia (1648) and the Congress of Vienna (1814–1815), European states managed their external affairs within a balance of power system. In this system, diplomacy became a major component of the relations among states. Most of the wars of the period, including conflicts fought outside of Europe, stemmed from attempts either to preserve or disturb the balance of power among European states. While European monarchs continued to view their affairs in dynastic terms, increasingly, reasons of state influenced policy.

Source: https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/pdf/ap-european-history-course-and-exam-description.pdf

Theories of Absolute Monarchy

Picture
Portrait of Louis XIV as Jupiter Conquering the Fronde (1655) by Charles François Poerson.  He was just that fabulous.  No lie.
  • Jean Bodin - Six Books of the Republic (1576)
  • theory of divine right of kings
  • Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet - Politics Drawn from Holy Scripture (1679)
  • Enlightened Absolutism
  • Anti-Machiavel (1740) 

The English Civil War

  • Stuart dynasty
  • James I (r. 1603–1625)
  • Gunpowder Plot (1605)
  • King James Bible (1611)
  • divine right
  • absolutism
  • Parliament
  • Charles I (r. 1625–1649)
  • royal prerogative
  • Petition of Right (1628)
  • Ship Money tax (1634)
  • Short Parliament (1640)
  • MP John Pym
  • Long Parliament (1640–1660)
  • William Laud
  • Thomas Wentworth
  • Royalist Cavaliers
  • Parliamentary Roundheads
  • New Model Army
  • Oliver Cromwell
  • Pride's Purge (1648)
  • Rump Parliament
  • Charles I’s execution (1649)
  • Commonwealth of England
  • Charles II (r. 1660–1685)
  • Restoration
Picture
Charles I at the Hunt (1635) by Anthony van Dyck depicts Charles resting in a manner described as a "subtle compromise between gentlemanly nonchalance and regal assurance".

English Constitutionalism 

Picture
Following the Glorious Revolution (1688), William III and Mary II signed the English Bill of Rights establishing constitutional monarchy.
Picture
Picture
Prime Minister William Pitt the Elder led Britain against France during the Seven Years’ War.  His son, William Pitt the Younger, led Britain against Napoleonic France.
  • Charles II of England (r. 1660–1685)
  • Restoration
  • Royal Observatory and Royal Society
  • Great Plague of London (1665-66)
  • Great Fire of London (1666)
  • Christopher Wren
  • St. Paul’s Cathedral
  • Exclusion Crisis (1679–1681)
  • Whigs
  • Tories
  • James II (r. 1685–1688)
  • Glorious Revolution (1688)
  • William III and Mary II
  • English Bill of Rights
  • constitutional monarchy
  • Battle of Boyne, Ireland (1690)
  • Jacobitism
  • Jacobite Rebellions
  • Bank of England (1694)
  • The Act of Union (1707)
  • The Treaty of Utrecht (1714)
  • asiento
  • Anne (r. 1702–1714)
  • Hanoverian dynasty
  • George I (r. 1714–1727)
  • South Sea Bubble (1720)
  • Robert Walpole (1721–1742)
  • Prime Minister
  • George II (r. 1727–1760)
  • William Pitt the Elder (1756–1768)
  • George III (r. 1760–1820)
  • William Pitt the Younger (1783–1801, 1804–1806)

The Dutch Republic

Picture
The Anglo-Dutch Wars and Franco-Dutch War greatly weakened the Netherlands and brought an end to the Dutch Golden Age.
  • Dutch Golden Age
  • Calvinist merchant oligarchies
  • Stadtholders
  • Bank of Amsterdam
  • central bank
  • Stock Exchange
  • Dutch East India Company (VOC)
  • spice trade
  • Amboyna massacre (1623)
  • Dutch religious tolerance
  • University of Leiden
  • University of Groningen
  • Hans Lippershey
  • Antonie von Leeuwenhoek
  • Christiaan Huygens
  • Rembrandt van Rijn (Night Watch)
  • Frans Hals (Laughing Cavalier)
  • Jan Vermeer (Girl with Pearl Earring, Geographer, View of Delft) 
  • English Navigation Acts (1651)
  • Anglo-Dutch Wars (1660–1678)
  • Franco-Dutch War (1672–1678)
  • “Year of Disaster”
  • Johan and Cornelis de Witt
  • William of Orange 

The Bourbon Dynasty of France

Picture
French culture and influence were at their height during the reign of Louis XV (r. 1715–1774).  However, his leadership weakened France, and he is credited with saying "Après moi, le déluge" ("After me, comes the flood") foreshadowing the French Revolution and the collapse of the monarchy.
Jean-Baptiste Lully Spotify Playlist
  • ​Louis XIII (r. 1610–1643)
  • Cardinal Richelieu
  • intendants
  • Académie Française
  • Louis XIV, the Sun King of France (r. 1643–1715)
  • Cardinal Mazarin
  • The Fronde (1648–1653)
  • parlements
  • Palace of Versailles
  • ​Jean-Baptiste Colbert
  • mercantilism
  • Edict of Fontainebleau (1685)
  • Molière (Tartuffe, Bourgeois Gentleman)
  • Hyacinthe Rigaud (portrait of Louis XIV)
  • Jean-Baptiste Lully
  • Franco-Dutch War (1672–1678)
  • The Nine Years’ War (1688–1697)
  • Grand Alliance
  • “Universal Kingship”
  • The War of Spanish Succession (1701–1714)
  • Philip V of Spain
  • Treaty of Utrecht (1714)
  • Louis XV (r. 1715–1774)
  • Louis XVI (r. 1774–1792) 

The Romanov Dynasty of Russia

Picture
Peter I, the Great (r. 1682–1725) elevated Russia from a weak state on Europe's eastern fringe to a Great Power as he modernized and Westernized the nation.
  • Peter I, the Great of Russia (r. 1682–1725)
  • tsarist autocracy
  • Grand Embassy tour (1697–1698)
  • Streltsy
  • boyars
  • The Table of Ranks
  • Siege of Azov (1696)
  • The Great Northern War (1700–1721)
  • St. Petersburg
  • Catherine II, the Great of Russia (r. 1762–1796)
  • Russian expansion
  • Hermitage Museum
  • Smolny Institute for Noble Maidens
  • Pugachev’s Rebellion (1773–1775)
Picture

The Hohenzollern Dynasty of Prussia

Picture
Frederick II, the Great (r. 1740–1786) greatly expanded Prussia's territory and made Prussia a leading military power in Europe. Considering himself "the first servant of the state", he advocated enlightened absolutism. 
  • The Hohenzollern dynasty
  • Brandenburg—Prussia
  • Great Elector Frederick William (r. 1640–1688)
  • Junkers
  • Frederick I (r. 1688-1713)
  • Frederick William I (r. 1713–1740), the “Soldier King"
  • “Sparta of the North”
  • Frederick II, the Great of Prussia (r. 1740–1786)
  • The War of Austrian Succession (1740–1748)
  • Seven Years’ War (1756–1763)

The Hapsburg Dynasty of Austria

Picture
Maria Theresa (r. 1740–1780), the only female leader of the Hapsburg dynasty, modernized Austria, mothered 16 children, and defended her lands against Frederick the Great of Prussia in both the War of Austrian Succession and Seven Years’ War.
  • Ferdinand III (r. 1637–1657)
  • The Turkish War (1683–1699)
  • John III Sobieski of Poland (r. 1674–1696)
  • Winged Hussar
  • Ottoman siege of Vienna (1683)
  • Francis Rákóczy
  • Hungarian noble revolt (1703)
  • Pragmatic Sanction (1713)
  • Maria Theresa (r. 1740–1780)
  • War of Austrian Succession (1740–1748)
  • Seven Years’ War (1756–1763)
  • Joseph II of Austria (r. 1765–1790)
  • Leopold II (r. 1790–1792)

The Partitions of Poland

Picture
Poland fell so far from its once Great Power status, that Catherine the Great of Russia, Joseph II of Austria, and Frederick the Great of Prussia began the conquest and Partitions of Poland by the 1770s.
  • Chmielnicki Revolt (1648–1657)
  • The Deluge (1655–1660)
  • szlachta
  • Sejm
  • Augustus II (r. 1694–1733)
  • Silent Sejm (1717)
  • Partitions of 1772, 1793, and 1795
  • Jewish Pale of Settlement 

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  • acc. PHILLIPS
  • America
    • I: Early America
      • Course Info
      • 1492-1763
      • 1763-1783
      • 1783-1789
      • 1789-1815
      • 1815-1849
      • 1850-1865
      • 1865-1877
    • II: Modern America
      • Course Info
      • 1865-1890
        • The Western Frontier
        • The Gilded Age
      • 1890-1920
        • Progressivism
        • Imperialism & the First World War
      • 1920-1941
        • The Roaring Twenties
        • The Great Depression
      • 1941-1962
        • The Second World War
        • The Early Cold War
      • 1950-1975
        • The Great Society
        • The Vietnam War
      • 1968-1991
        • The Late Cold War
        • Pop Culture
      • 1991-Today
        • The Culture Wars
        • The War on Terror
  • Europe
    • Course Info
    • 1200-1450
    • 1450-1648
      • Renaissance
      • Reformation
      • Exploration
      • Links
      • Assignments
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Rick Steves Videos
        • Assorted Videos
      • Slideshows
    • 1648-1815
      • Sovereignty
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      • Reason
      • Society
      • Revolution
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        • John Green Videos
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      • 1200-1450
        • Asia
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        • Discovery
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