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  • America
    • Introduction
      • Course Overview
      • Policies
      • Essential Documents
    • 1492-1754
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    • 1754-1848
      • Revolution
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      • Expansion
    • 1848-1898
      • The Civil War
      • The Gilded Age
    • 1898-1945
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      • The Great Depression
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    • 1945-1991
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    • 1991-Today
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      • The War on Terror
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      • 1200-1450
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  • acc. PHILLIPS
  • America
    • Introduction
      • Course Overview
      • Policies
      • Essential Documents
    • 1492-1754
      • Colonization
    • 1754-1848
      • Revolution
      • Constitution
      • Expansion
    • 1848-1898
      • The Civil War
      • The Gilded Age
    • 1898-1945
      • The American Empire
      • The Great Depression
      • The Second World War
    • 1945-1991
      • The Early Cold War
      • The Great Society
      • The Late Cold War
    • 1991-Today
      • The Culture Wars
      • The War on Terror
  • Europe
    • Introduction
    • 1200-1450
    • 1450-1648
      • Renaissance
      • Reformation
      • Exploration
      • Links
      • Assignments
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Rick Steves Videos
        • Assorted Videos
      • Slideshows
    • 1648-1815
      • Sovereignty
      • Commerce
      • Reason
      • Revolution
      • Links
      • Readings and Assignments
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Assorted Videos
      • Slideshows
    • 1815-1914
      • Industry
      • Ideology
      • Empire
      • Modernity
      • Links
      • Readings and Assignments
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Assorted Videos
      • Slideshows
    • 1914-Today
      • WWI
      • WWII
      • Cold War
      • EU
      • Links
      • Assignments and Readings
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Assorted Videos
      • Slideshows
  • World
    • Ancient
    • Modern
      • Introduction
        • Goals
        • Rules, Grading, Etc.
        • Core Documents
        • Links
        • Themes
        • Thinking
        • Exam
      • 1200-1450
        • Asia
        • Africa
        • Europe
        • Americas
        • Trade
        • Videos
      • 1450-1750
        • Discovery
        • Maritime Empires
        • Land Empires
        • Videos
      • 1750-1900
        • Revolutions
        • Industrialization
        • Imperialism
        • Videos
      • 1900-Today
        • World Wars
        • Postwar World
        • Globalization
  • Research
  • Resources
  • About
  • Contact

Revolutions,
c. 1750-1900

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Revolutions

c. 1750-1900

Objectives


  • ​Explain the intellectual and ideological context in which revolutions swept the Atlantic world from 1750 to 1900.

  • ​Explain how the Enlightenment affected societies over time.
    ​
  • ​​Explain causes and effects of the various revolutions in the period from 1750 to 1900.
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The Enlightenment

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"If there is something you know, communicate it. If there is something you don't know, search for it." — An engraving from the 1772 edition of the Encyclopédie; Truth, in the top center, is surrounded by light and unveiled by the figures to the right, Philosophy and Reason
  • ​Enlightenment philosophies applied new ways of understanding and empiricist approaches to both the natural world and human relationships; they also reexamined the role that religion played in public life and emphasized the importance of reason.

  • Philosophers developed new political ideas about the individual, natural rights, and the social contract.

  • The rise and diffusion of Enlightenment thought that questioned established traditions in all areas of life often preceded revolutions and rebellions against existing governments.
audio pronunciation guide:
  • The Enlightenment
  • ​age of revolution
  • ​philosophes
  • salons
  • English Bill of Rights
  • John Locke - An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1689) and Two Treatises of Government (1689)
  • tabula rasa
  • natural rights
  • social contract
  • popular sovereignty
  • consent of the governed
  • Deism
  • divine watchmaker
  • atheism
  • Voltaire
  • Encyclopédie (1751–1772)
  • enlightened despots
  • Frederick II, the Great of Prussia
  • Catherine II, the Great of Russia
  • Cesare Beccaria
  • ​​American Declaration of Independence
  • Baron de Montesquieu
  • ​Adam Smith
  • Jean-Jacques Rousseau
  • general will of the people
  • ​Mary Wollstonecraft
  • Olympe de Gouges
The Enlightenment

The American Revolution

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Boston silversmith Paul Revere engraved this image of the 1770 Boston Massacre that fueled anti-British sentiment in the American colonies.
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The ​​American Declaration of Independence reflected Enlightenment principles stating that "all men are created equal" and entitled to natural rights to "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness."
  • The 18th century marked the beginning of an intense period of revolution and rebellion against existing governments, leading to the establishment of new nation-states around the world.

  • Colonial subjects in the Americas led a series of rebellions inspired by democratic ideals. The American Revolution, and its successful establishment of a republic, the United States of America, was a model and inspiration for a number of the revolutions that followed.

  • The American Revolution, the Haitian Revolution, and the Latin American independence movements facilitated the emergence of independent states in the Americas.​

  • The ideas of Enlightenment philosophers influenced resistance to existing political authority, often in pursuit of independence and democratic ideals.
audio pronunciation guide:
  • 1651 Navigation Act
  • ​salutary neglect
  • French and Indian War
  • Proclamation Line of 1763
  • Stamp Act
  • “No taxation without representation.”
  • Sons of Liberty
  • Boston Massacre
  • Tea Act
  • Boston Tea Party
  • Coercive Acts
  • Continental Congress
  • Battles of Lexington and Concord
  • George Washington
  • Common Sense
  • Declaration of Independence
  • Franco-American Alliance
  • Battle of Yorktown
  • Articles of Confederation
  • ​United States Constitution
  • Federalism
  • Bill of Rights
The American Revolution

The French Revolution

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Angry French citizens stormed the Palace of Versailles in October 1789, kidnapped King Louis XVI, and forced him to return to Paris. In this image, the heads of Louis XVI's murdered palace guards are paraded by the crowd atop pikes.
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Napoleon Bonaparte was crowned Emperor of the French in 1804.  For a brief while, he dominated the European continent and led the largest empire in Europe since the days of Rome.
  • The 18th century marked the beginning of an intense period of revolution and rebellion against existing governments, leading to the establishment of new nation-states around the world.

  • ​Discontent with monarchist and imperial rule encouraged the development of systems of government and various ideologies, including democracy and 19th-century liberalism.
    ​

  • The ideas of Enlightenment philosophers influenced resistance to existing political authority, often in pursuit of independence and democratic ideals.
audio pronunciation guide:
  • Ancién Regime
  • ​Bourgeoisie
  • Louis XVI
  • Estates-General
  • French National Constituent Assembly
  • Storming of the Bastille Prison
  • The Great Fear
  • Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen
  • Women's March on Versailles
  • Civil Constitution of the Clergy
  • First French Republic
  • Jacobins
  • Maximillien Robespierre
  • Reign of Terror
  • guillotine
  • levee en masse
  • de-Christianization
  • Thermidorian Reaction
  • The Directory​
  • ​Napoleon Bonaparte
  • coup d’etat
  • The Consulate
  • Napoleonic Empire 
  • Napoleonic Code
  • battle of Austerlitz
  • Confederation of the Rhine
  • battle of Trafalgar
  • Continental System
  • Peninsular War
  • invasion of Russia
  • Louis XVIII
  • 100 Days
  • battle of Waterloo
The French Revolution

Latin American Revolutions

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Free Women of Color with their Children and Servants by Agostino Brunias
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Following a successful slave revolt inspired by the French Revolution, Jean-Jacques Dessaline became the first Emperor of Haiti.
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Simón Bolívar, liberated Venezuela, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Panama from the Spanish Empire.
  • The 18th century marked the beginning of an intense period of revolution and rebellion against existing governments, leading to the establishment of new nation-states around the world.
    ​

  • The American Revolution, the Haitian Revolution, and the Latin American independence movements facilitated the emergence of independent states in the Americas.
    ​
  • The ideas of Enlightenment philosophers influenced resistance to existing political authority, often in pursuit of independence and democratic ideals.
audio pronunciation guide:
  • Haitian Revolution​
  • Saint-Domingue
  • gens de couleur
  • Julien Raimond
  • Vincent Ogé
  • Bois Caïman
  • Dutty Boukman
  • Toussaint L’Ouverture
  • Battle of Vertières
  • Jean-Jacques Dessaline
  • Joao VI of Portugal
  • Pedro I of Brazil
  • Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
  • José Morelos
  • Agustín de Iturbide
  • United Mexican States
  • Simón Bolívar
  • Letter from Jamaica
  • Jose de San Martin
  • Bernando O'Higgins
  • Gran Colombia
Latin American Revolutions

​Nationalism

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Francisco Goya commemorated Spanish national resistance to Napoleon's armies during the Peninsular War. ​
Picture
fighting in Berlin during the 1848 Revolutions
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Giuseppe Garibaldi, flamboyant leader of the Redshirts, took control of Naples then turned his territories over to Victor Emmanuel II, King of Piedmont-Sardinia to unify most of Italy in 1861.
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Otto von Bismarck was the driving force behind German unification.
  • Nationalism also became a major force shaping the historical development of states and empires.
    ​
  • ​People around the world developed a new sense of commonality based on language, religion, social customs, and territory. This was sometimes harnessed by governments to foster a sense of unity.
    ​
  • Newly imagined national communities often linked this new national identity with borders of the state, and in some cases, nationalists challenged boundaries or sought unification of fragmented regions.
audio pronunciation guide:
  • nationalism
  • jus sanguinis (law of blood)
  • jus soli (law of soil)
  • ethnic nation-states
  • Volksgeist
  • ​Johann Gottfried von Herder
  • Act of Union (1800)
  • Irish Home Rule
  • Daniel O'Connell
  • Charles Stewart Parnell
  • Greek War of Independence
  • Lord Byron
  • Pan-Slavism
  • Charles X of France
  • ​July Revolution of 1830
  • Louis-Philippe of the French
  • Belgian Revolution
  • Polish Uprising
  • ​1848 Revolutions
  • Second French Republic
  • Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte
  • ​Third French Republic
  • Lajos Kossuth
  • Franz Josef of Austria-Hungary
  • ​Risorgimento
  • Giuseppe Mazzini
  • Young Italy
  • Camillo Cavour of Piedmont-Sardinia
  • Victor Emmanuel II of Piedmont-Sardinia
  • Giuseppe Garibaldi
  • trasformismo
  • ​Volk
  • Pan-Germanism
  • German Question
  • Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm
  • Zollverein
  • Frankfurt Assembly
  • Otto von Bismarck
  • Blood and Iron Speech
  • Realpolitik
  • Franco-Prussian War
  • Second German Reich
  • ​Kaiser Wilhelm I of Germany
  • Alsace-Lorraine
  • ​Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany
  • Antisemitism
  • ​Dreyfus Affair
  • Zionism
  • Theodor Herzl
  • Judenstaat
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France's humiliating defeat in the 1870-1871 Franco-Prussian War led to the unification of the German Empire, and set the stage for the First World War.
Nationalism

Political Ideologies

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​Eugene Delacroix's Liberty Leading the People celebrates the July Revolution of 1830.
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Karl Marx, the influential author of the Communist Manifesto
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An anarchist assassinated American President William McKinley in 1901.
Discontent with monarchist and imperial rule encouraged the development of systems of government and various ideologies, including democracy and 19th-century liberalism.
audio pronunciation guide:
  • Political Spectrum
  • Left-Right political divide
  • Conservatism
  • autocracy
  • ​reactionaries
  • Edmund Burke
  • Klemens von Metternich
  • Congress of Vienna
  • principle of traditional legitimacy
  • Concert of Europe
  • ​Holy Alliance
  • ​classical liberalism
  • popular sovereignty
  • republicanism
  • limited suffrage
  • civil liberties
  • secularism
  • free-market laissez-faire capitalism​
  • Decembrist uprising
  • Reform Act of 1832
  • Jules Ferry 
  • ​Radicalism
  • universal male suffrage
  • ​Chartist movement (1836)
  • social liberalism
  • reform movements
  • ​New Liberals
  • welfare state
  • ​David Lloyd George
  • The People’s Budget of 1909
  • ​Utopian Socialism
  • Robert Owen
  • planned economy
  • ​Marxist Socialism
  • Communism
  • Karl Marx
  • Communist Manifesto
  • Communards of the Paris Commune
  • Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD)
  • British Labour Party
  • ​anarchism
  • propaganda of the deed
  • anarchist assassinations
Political Ideologies

Reform Movements

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"Am I Not a Man and a Brother?" medallion created as part of anti-slavery campaign by Josiah Wedgwood, 1787
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W.E.B. Du Bois and Booker T. Washington were the most prominent African American leaders during the era of Jim Crow laws.
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Suffragette Emmeline Pankhurt is arrested outside of Buckingham Palace, 1914
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Mexican soldaderas
  • ​Enlightenment ideas and religious ideals influenced various reform movements. These reform movements contributed to the expansion of rights, as seen in expanded suffrage, the abolition of slavery, and the end of serfdom.
    ​
  • Demands for women’s suffrage and an emergent feminism challenged political and gender hierarchies.

  • While women and often children in working class families typically held wage-earning jobs to supplement their families’ income, middle-class women who did not have the same economic demands to satisfy were increasingly limited to roles in the household or roles focused on child development. 
audio pronunciation guide:
  • Second Great Awakening
  • utopian community
  • ​Henry David Thoreau
  • Civil Disobedience
  • public school movement
  • penitentiary movement
  • temperance movement
  • abolition movement
  • Somerset Case
  • Haitian slave revolt
  • William Wilberforce
  • Slave Trade Act of 1807
  • ​Slavery Abolition Act of 1833
  • William Lloyd Garrison
  • Frederick Douglass
  • Harriet Beecher Stowe
  • Underground Railroad
  • Harriet Tubman
  • Bleeding Kansas
  • John Brown
  • Abraham Lincoln
  • American Civil War
  • ​Emancipation Edict
  • ​Emancipation Proclamation
  • Reconstruction Amendments to the US Constitution​
  • Jim Crow laws
  • Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896
  • Booker T. Washington
  • W.E.B. Du Bois
  • first wave feminism
  • ​cult of domesticity
  • Mary Astell
  • Mary Wollstonecraft
  • Elizabeth Cady Stanton
  • Seneca Falls Convention
  • Susan B. Anthony
  • National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) ​
  • ​​Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU)
  • Emmeline, Christabel, and Sylvia Pankhurst
  • Emily Davison
  • British Married Women's Property Act
  • soldaderas
Reform Movements
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  • acc. PHILLIPS
  • America
    • Introduction
      • Course Overview
      • Policies
      • Essential Documents
    • 1492-1754
      • Colonization
    • 1754-1848
      • Revolution
      • Constitution
      • Expansion
    • 1848-1898
      • The Civil War
      • The Gilded Age
    • 1898-1945
      • The American Empire
      • The Great Depression
      • The Second World War
    • 1945-1991
      • The Early Cold War
      • The Great Society
      • The Late Cold War
    • 1991-Today
      • The Culture Wars
      • The War on Terror
  • Europe
    • Introduction
    • 1200-1450
    • 1450-1648
      • Renaissance
      • Reformation
      • Exploration
      • Links
      • Assignments
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Rick Steves Videos
        • Assorted Videos
      • Slideshows
    • 1648-1815
      • Sovereignty
      • Commerce
      • Reason
      • Revolution
      • Links
      • Readings and Assignments
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Assorted Videos
      • Slideshows
    • 1815-1914
      • Industry
      • Ideology
      • Empire
      • Modernity
      • Links
      • Readings and Assignments
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Assorted Videos
      • Slideshows
    • 1914-Today
      • WWI
      • WWII
      • Cold War
      • EU
      • Links
      • Assignments and Readings
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Assorted Videos
      • Slideshows
  • World
    • Ancient
    • Modern
      • Introduction
        • Goals
        • Rules, Grading, Etc.
        • Core Documents
        • Links
        • Themes
        • Thinking
        • Exam
      • 1200-1450
        • Asia
        • Africa
        • Europe
        • Americas
        • Trade
        • Videos
      • 1450-1750
        • Discovery
        • Maritime Empires
        • Land Empires
        • Videos
      • 1750-1900
        • Revolutions
        • Industrialization
        • Imperialism
        • Videos
      • 1900-Today
        • World Wars
        • Postwar World
        • Globalization
  • Research
  • Resources
  • About
  • Contact