according to Phillips
  • acc. PHILLIPS
  • America
    • I: Early America
      • Course Info
      • 1492-1763
      • 1763-1783
      • 1783-1789
      • 1789-1815
      • 1815-1849
      • 1850-1865
      • 1865-1877
    • II: Modern America
      • Course Info
      • 1865-1890
        • The Western Frontier
        • The Gilded Age
      • 1890-1920
        • Progressivism
        • Imperialism & the First World War
      • 1920-1941
        • The Roaring Twenties
        • The Great Depression
      • 1941-1962
        • The Second World War
        • The Early Cold War
      • 1950-1975
        • The Great Society
        • The Vietnam War
      • 1968-1991
        • The Late Cold War
        • Pop Culture
      • 1991-Today
        • The Culture Wars
        • The War on Terror
  • Europe
    • Course Info
    • 1200-1450
    • 1450-1648
      • Renaissance
      • Reformation
      • Exploration
      • Links
      • Assignments
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Rick Steves Videos
        • Assorted Videos
      • Slideshows
    • 1648-1815
      • Sovereignty
      • Commerce
      • Reason
      • Society
      • Revolution
      • Links
      • Readings and Assignments
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Assorted Videos
      • Slideshows
    • 1815-1914
      • Industry
      • Ideologies
      • Empire
      • Modernity
      • Links
      • Readings and Assignments
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Assorted Videos
      • Slideshows
    • 1914-Today
      • WWI
      • WWII
      • Cold War
      • EU
      • Links
      • Assignments and Readings
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Assorted Videos
      • Slideshows
  • World
    • Ancient
    • Modern
      • Course Info
        • Goals
        • Rules, Grading, Etc.
        • Core Documents
        • Links
        • Themes
        • Thinking
        • Exam
      • 1200-1450
        • Asia
        • Africa
        • Europe
        • Americas
        • Trade
        • Videos
      • 1450-1750
        • Discovery
        • Maritime Empires
        • Land Empires
        • Videos
      • 1750-1900
        • Revolutions
        • Industrialization
        • Imperialism
        • Videos
      • 1900-Today
        • World Wars
        • Postwar World
        • Globalization
        • Videos
  • Research
  • Resources
  • About
  • Contact
  • acc. PHILLIPS
  • America
    • I: Early America
      • Course Info
      • 1492-1763
      • 1763-1783
      • 1783-1789
      • 1789-1815
      • 1815-1849
      • 1850-1865
      • 1865-1877
    • II: Modern America
      • Course Info
      • 1865-1890
        • The Western Frontier
        • The Gilded Age
      • 1890-1920
        • Progressivism
        • Imperialism & the First World War
      • 1920-1941
        • The Roaring Twenties
        • The Great Depression
      • 1941-1962
        • The Second World War
        • The Early Cold War
      • 1950-1975
        • The Great Society
        • The Vietnam War
      • 1968-1991
        • The Late Cold War
        • Pop Culture
      • 1991-Today
        • The Culture Wars
        • The War on Terror
  • Europe
    • Course Info
    • 1200-1450
    • 1450-1648
      • Renaissance
      • Reformation
      • Exploration
      • Links
      • Assignments
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Rick Steves Videos
        • Assorted Videos
      • Slideshows
    • 1648-1815
      • Sovereignty
      • Commerce
      • Reason
      • Society
      • Revolution
      • Links
      • Readings and Assignments
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Assorted Videos
      • Slideshows
    • 1815-1914
      • Industry
      • Ideologies
      • Empire
      • Modernity
      • Links
      • Readings and Assignments
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Assorted Videos
      • Slideshows
    • 1914-Today
      • WWI
      • WWII
      • Cold War
      • EU
      • Links
      • Assignments and Readings
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Assorted Videos
      • Slideshows
  • World
    • Ancient
    • Modern
      • Course Info
        • Goals
        • Rules, Grading, Etc.
        • Core Documents
        • Links
        • Themes
        • Thinking
        • Exam
      • 1200-1450
        • Asia
        • Africa
        • Europe
        • Americas
        • Trade
        • Videos
      • 1450-1750
        • Discovery
        • Maritime Empires
        • Land Empires
        • Videos
      • 1750-1900
        • Revolutions
        • Industrialization
        • Imperialism
        • Videos
      • 1900-Today
        • World Wars
        • Postwar World
        • Globalization
        • Videos
  • Research
  • Resources
  • About
  • Contact

Modernity,
​c. 1815-1914

Picture
Many writers saw humans as governed by spontaneous, irrational forces and believed that intuition and will were as important as reason ​and science in the search for truth.

Modernity,
c. 1815-1914

Artistic movements such as Impressionism, Expressionism, and Cubism, which rested on subjective interpretations of reality by the individual artist or writer, arose from the attitudes fostered by romanticism. The sensitivity of artists to non-European traditions that imperialism brought to their attention also can be traced to the romantics’ emphasis on the primacy of culture in defining the character of individuals and groups.
 
In science, Darwin’s evolutionary theory raised questions about human nature, and physicists began to challenge the uniformity and regularity of the Newtonian universe. In 1905, Einstein’s theory of relativity underscored the position of the observer in defining reality, while the quantum principles of randomness and probability called the objectivity of Newtonian mechanics into question. The emergence of psychology as an independent discipline, separate from philosophy on the one hand and neurology on the other, led to investigations of human behavior that gradually revealed the need for more subtle methods of analysis than those provided by the physical and biological sciences. Freud’s investigations into the human psyche suggested the power of irrational motivations and unconscious drives. Many writers saw humans as governed by spontaneous, irrational forces and believed that intuition and will were as important as reason and science in the search for truth.
 
In art, literature, and science, traditional notions of objective, universal truths and values increasingly shared the stage with a commitment to and recognition of subjectivity, skepticism, and cultural relativism.


Source: https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/pdf/ap-european-history-course-and-exam-description.pdf

Realism

Painting

Picture
Picture
  • Gustave Courbet - Stonebreakers (1849)
  • Jean-François Millet - Gleaners (1857)​

Literature

Picture
Picture
British ​​Charles Dickens and Russian Leo Tolstoy are considered among the greatest authors of all time.
  • Honoré de Balzac - Human Comedy (1830–1850)
  • Gustave Flaubert - Madame Bovary (1856)
  • ​Charles Dickens - Great Expectations (1861)
  • George Eliot - Silas Marner (1861)
  • Fyodor Dostoevsky - Crime and Punishment (1866)
  • Leo Tolstoy - Anna Karenina (1877)
  • Émile Zola - Germinal (1885)
  • Thomas Hardy - Jude the Obscure (1895) 

Modern Art

Painting

Impressionism
  • Claude Monet - Impression, Sunrise (1872)
  • Pierre-Auguste Renoir - Dance at Le Moulin ​de la Galette (1874)
Post-impressionism
  • Vincent Van Gogh - Starry Night (1889)
Picture
Pointilism
  • Georges Seurat - Sunday Afternoon (1884-86)
Cubism
  • Pablo Picasso - Les Demoiselles d’Avignon (1907)
  • Georges Braque - Guitar (1909–1910)
  • Marcel Duchamp - Nude Descending a Staircase No. 2 (1912)
Fauvism
  • Henri Matisse - Woman with Hat (1905)
​Expressionism
  • Edvard Munch – Scream (1893)​
  • Wassily Kandinsky - Blue Rider Almanac (1912)
Art Nouveau
  • Jules Chéret
  • Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec
  • Alphonse Mucha
Art Nouveau style was prevalent in advertising, architecture, and design.
​Italian Futurism
  • Umberto Boccioni- City Rises (1910)
  • Giacomo Balla - Abstract Speed + Sound (1913-4)

Photography and Film

  • photography
  • silent film
  • Louis Daguerre - daguerreotype photography (1839)
  • James Maxwell - color photography (1861)
  • Lumière Brothers - Train Pulling into a Station (1895)
  • ​Georges Méliès - Trip to the Moon (1902)

Music

Popular 19th Century Compositions Spotify Playlist
  • Opera
  • Waltz
  • Gioachino Rossini - William Tell (1829)
  • Johann Strauss Jr. - Blue Danube (1867)
  • Giuseppi Verdi - Aida (1871)
  • Edvard Grieg - Peer Gynt (1876)
  • Gilbert and Sullivan - Mikado (1885)
  • Jean Sibelius - Finlandia (1899)​
  • Claude Debussy - La Mer (1903–1905)
  • Giacomo Puccini - Madame Butterfly (1904)
  • Igor Stravinsky - Rite of Spring (1913)​

19th Century Science

ELECTRICITY
  • Alessandro Volta - battery (1800)
  • Michael Faraday – electrical generator (1831)
  • Werner von Siemens
  • Humphry Davy - electric arc lamp (1806)
  • Joseph Swan and Thomas Edison - light bulb (1879)​
CHEMISTRY​
  • John Dalton - atomic theory (1805)
  • Dmitri Mendeleev - periodic table (1869)
  • Alfred Nobel - dynamite (1869)
  • photography
  • Louis Daugerre - daguerreotype photography
  • James Maxwell - color photography
  • rayon (1905)​
BIOLOGY and GEOLOGY​​
  • William Buckland - dinosaurs (1824)
  • Charles Lyell – geology (1830)
  • discovery of Neanderthal remains (1856)
  • ​Charles Darwin - Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859) and Descent of Man (1882)
  • Louis Pasteur - germ theory (1870)
  • Joseph Lister - surgical antiseptics
  • Robert Koch - tuberculosis bacillus
Picture
SOCIOLOGY
  • Positivism
  • Auguste Comte
  • Herbert Spencer - Social Organism (1860) - Social Darwinism
  • Francis Galton - Hereditary Genius (1869)
  • eugenics
  • Alfred Ploetz - German Society for Racial Hygiene (1905)​
​PSYCHOLOGY
  • Wilhelm Wundt
  • Pierre Janet
  • Sigmund Freud - Interpretation of Dreams (1900)
  • psychoanalysis
  • Oedipus complex
  • Ivan Pavlov
  • behavioral conditioning
  • Carl Jung - Psychology of the Unconscious (1912)
  • collective unconscious
  • ancestral memory
  • personality types​
Picture
Picture
​​MODERN PHYSICS
  • Wilhelm Röntgen - x-rays
  • Marie and Pierre Curie - radioactivity
  • Max Planck - quantum theory
  • Albert Einstein - special theory of relativity and general theory of relativity 
A chest X-ray in progress at Dr. Maxime Menard’s radiology department at the Cochin hospital in Paris, circa 1914.  Mendard later lost his finger to side effects from operating the X-ray machine

Modern Philosophy

Picture
Picture
  • Friedrich Nietzsche - Thus Spoke Zarathustra (1883–1885)
  • Übermensch
  • Henri Bergson - Creative Evolution (1907)
  • élan vital
  • Georges Sorel - Reflections on Violence (1908) 

19th Century Christianity

Picture
Kulturkampf caricature "Between Berlin and Rome", 1875
  • Concordat of 1801
  • First Vatican Council
  • Jules Ferry laws
  • Émile Combes
  • Kulturkampf
  • German Center Party
  • Friedrich Schleiermacher
  • Søren Aabye Kierkegaard
  • opium of the people

Select:

America
Europe
World

​

Resources:

Barron's AP Euro Flash Cards

​

About:

Research
Meet D.W. Phillips
Contact

​

© COPYRIGHT 2019. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
  • acc. PHILLIPS
  • America
    • I: Early America
      • Course Info
      • 1492-1763
      • 1763-1783
      • 1783-1789
      • 1789-1815
      • 1815-1849
      • 1850-1865
      • 1865-1877
    • II: Modern America
      • Course Info
      • 1865-1890
        • The Western Frontier
        • The Gilded Age
      • 1890-1920
        • Progressivism
        • Imperialism & the First World War
      • 1920-1941
        • The Roaring Twenties
        • The Great Depression
      • 1941-1962
        • The Second World War
        • The Early Cold War
      • 1950-1975
        • The Great Society
        • The Vietnam War
      • 1968-1991
        • The Late Cold War
        • Pop Culture
      • 1991-Today
        • The Culture Wars
        • The War on Terror
  • Europe
    • Course Info
    • 1200-1450
    • 1450-1648
      • Renaissance
      • Reformation
      • Exploration
      • Links
      • Assignments
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Rick Steves Videos
        • Assorted Videos
      • Slideshows
    • 1648-1815
      • Sovereignty
      • Commerce
      • Reason
      • Society
      • Revolution
      • Links
      • Readings and Assignments
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Assorted Videos
      • Slideshows
    • 1815-1914
      • Industry
      • Ideologies
      • Empire
      • Modernity
      • Links
      • Readings and Assignments
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Assorted Videos
      • Slideshows
    • 1914-Today
      • WWI
      • WWII
      • Cold War
      • EU
      • Links
      • Assignments and Readings
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Assorted Videos
      • Slideshows
  • World
    • Ancient
    • Modern
      • Course Info
        • Goals
        • Rules, Grading, Etc.
        • Core Documents
        • Links
        • Themes
        • Thinking
        • Exam
      • 1200-1450
        • Asia
        • Africa
        • Europe
        • Americas
        • Trade
        • Videos
      • 1450-1750
        • Discovery
        • Maritime Empires
        • Land Empires
        • Videos
      • 1750-1900
        • Revolutions
        • Industrialization
        • Imperialism
        • Videos
      • 1900-Today
        • World Wars
        • Postwar World
        • Globalization
        • Videos
  • Research
  • Resources
  • About
  • Contact