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  • acc. PHILLIPS
  • America
    • Introduction
      • Course Overview
      • Policies
      • Essential Documents
    • 1492-1754
      • Colonization
    • 1754-1848
      • Revolution
      • Constitution
      • Expansion
    • 1848-1898
      • The Civil War
      • The Gilded Age
    • 1898-1945
      • The American Empire
      • The Great Depression
      • The Second World War
    • 1945-1991
      • The Early Cold War
      • The Great Society
      • The Late Cold War
    • 1991-Today
      • The Culture Wars
      • The War on Terror
  • Europe
    • Introduction
    • 1200-1450
    • 1450-1648
      • Renaissance
      • Reformation
      • Exploration
      • Links
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      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Rick Steves Videos
        • Assorted Videos
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Modernity,
​c. 1815-1914 CE

Picture
stained glass skylight at the Palau de la Música Catalana, Barcelona, Spain
Many writers saw humans as governed by spontaneous, irrational forces and believed that intuition and will were as important as reason ​and science in the search for truth.

Modernity,

c. 1815-1914 CE

Artistic movements such as Impressionism, Expressionism, and Cubism, which rested on subjective interpretations of reality by the individual artist or writer, arose from the attitudes fostered by romanticism. The sensitivity of artists to non-European traditions that imperialism brought to their attention also can be traced to the romantics’ emphasis on the primacy of culture in defining the character of individuals and groups.
 
In science, Darwin’s evolutionary theory raised questions about human nature, and physicists began to challenge the uniformity and regularity of the Newtonian universe. In 1905, Einstein’s theory of relativity underscored the position of the observer in defining reality, while the quantum principles of randomness and probability called the objectivity of Newtonian mechanics into question. The emergence of psychology as an independent discipline, separate from philosophy on the one hand and neurology on the other, led to investigations of human behavior that gradually revealed the need for more subtle methods of analysis than those provided by the physical and biological sciences. Freud’s investigations into the human psyche suggested the power of irrational motivations and unconscious drives. Many writers saw humans as governed by spontaneous, irrational forces and believed that intuition and will were as important as reason and science in the search for truth.
 
In art, literature, and science, traditional notions of objective, universal truths and values increasingly shared the stage with a commitment to and recognition of subjectivity, skepticism, and cultural relativism.


Source: https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/pdf/ap-european-history-course-and-exam-description.pdf

Modern Art

Objective: Explain the continuities and changes in European artistic expression from 1815 to 1914.
  • Realist and materialist themes and attitudes influenced art and literature as painters and writers depicted the lives of ordinary people and drew attention to social problems.​
    ​
  • Modern art, including Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, and Cubism, moved beyond the representational to the subjective, abstract, and expressive and often provoked audiences that believed that art should reflect shared and idealized values, including beauty and patriotism.

  • In the later 19th century, a new relativism in values and the loss of confidence in the objectivity of knowledge led to modernism in intellectual and cultural life. 

Romance and Realism

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Picture
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British author ​​Charles Dickens and Russian author Leo Tolstoy are considered among the greatest writers of all time.
Romantic English novels
  • George Sand (Consuelo)
  • Jane Austen ( Pride and Prejudice)
  • Charlotte Brontë (Jane Eyre)

Realism
  • Gustave Courbet (Stonebreakers)
  • Jean-François Millet (Gleaners)​​
  • Honoré de Balzac (Human Comedy)
  • Gustave Flaubert (Madame Bovary)
  • ​Charles Dickens (Oliver Twist, Great Expectations)
  • George Eliot (Silas Marner)
  • Fyodor Dostoevsky (Crime and Punishment)
  • Leo Tolstoy (Anna Karenina)
  • Émile Zola (Germinal)
  • Thomas Hardy (Jude the Obscure) 

Impressionism

Impressionism
  • Claude Monet (Impression, Sunrise)
  • Pierre-Auguste Renoir (Dance at Le Moulin ​de la Galette)

Post-impressionism

Post-impressionism
  • Vincent Van Gogh (Starry Night)

Pointilism

Picture
Pointilism
  • Georges Seurat (Sunday Afternoon)

Cubism

Cubism
  • Pablo Picasso (Les Demoiselles d’Avignon)
  • Georges Braque (Guitar)
  • Marcel Duchamp (Nude Descending a Staircase No. 2)

Fauvism

Fauvism
  • Henri Matisse (Woman with Hat)

​Expressionism

​Expressionism
  • Edvard Munch (Scream)​
  • Wassily Kandinsky (Blue Rider Almanac)

Art Nouveau

Art Nouveau
  • Jules Chéret
  • Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec
  • Alphonse Mucha
Art Nouveau style was prevalent in advertising, architecture, and design.

Italian Futurism

​Italian Futurism
  • Umberto Boccioni (City Rises)
  • Giacomo Balla (Abstract Speed + Sound)

Architecture

  • Antoni Gaudi (Sagrada Família, Parc Güell)
  • Hector Guimard (Metro Station entrance at Porte Dauphine)
  • Joseph Olbrich (House of the Viennese Secession)
  • Victor Horta (Hotel van Eetvelde)
  • Peter Behrens (AEG Turbine Factory, Berlin)
  • Galerie des Machines
  • Majolica House

Photography and Film

  • photography
  • silent film
  • Louis Daguerre
  • James Maxwell
  • Lumière Brothers (Train Pulling into a Station)
  • ​Georges Méliès (Trip to the Moon)

Music

Popular 19th Century Compositions Spotify Playlist
  • opera
  • waltz
  • Gioachino Rossini (William Tell)
  • Johann Strauss Jr. (Blue Danube)
  • Giuseppi Verdi (Aida)
  • Edvard Grieg (Peer Gynt)
  • Gilbert and Sullivan (Mikado)
  • Jean Sibelius (Finlandia)​
  • Claude Debussy (La Mer)
  • Giacomo Puccini (Madame Butterfly)
  • Igor Stravinsky (Rite of Spring)
Article: How Did Theosophy Influence Modern Art?
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Modern Art

19th Century Science

Objectives: 
  1. Explain how science and other intellectual disciplines developed and changed throughout the period from 1815 to 1914.
  2. Explain how Darwin’s theories influenced scientific and social developments from 1815 to 1914.
  • Positivism, or the philosophy that science alone provides knowledge, emphasized the rational and scientific analysis of nature and human affairs. 

  • Charles Darwin provided a scientific and material account of biological change and the development of human beings as a species, and inadvertently, a justification for racialist theories that became known as Social Darwinism.

  • Freudian psychology offered a new account of human nature that emphasized the role of the irrational and the struggle between the conscious and subconscious.

  • Developments in the natural sciences, such as quantum mechanics and Einstein’s theory of relativity, undermined the primacy of Newtonian physics as an objective description of nature.
Picture
Nikola Tesla sitting inside an active Faraday cage
ELECTRICITY
  • Alessandro Volta
  • Michael Faraday
  • Werner von Siemens
  • Humphry Davy
  • Joseph Swan
  • Thomas Edison
  • Nikola Tesla​
CHEMISTRY​
  • Antoine Lavoisier
  • John Dalton
  • Dmitri Mendeleev
  • Alfred Nobel
  • photography
  • Louis Dauguerre
  • James Maxwell
  • rayon​
illustrations from Art Forms in Nature by Ernst Haeckel (1904)
BIOLOGY and GEOLOGY​​
  • William Buckland
  • Charles Lyell
  • discovery of Neanderthals
  • ​Charles Darwin (Origin of Species and Descent of Man)
  • Ernst Haeckel
  • Louis Pasteur
  • Joseph Lister
  • Robert Koch
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SOCIOLOGY
  • Positivism
  • Auguste Comte
  • Arthur de Gobineau​
  • Herbert Spencer (Social Organism)
  • ​Social Darwinism
  • Francis Galton (Hereditary Genius)
  • eugenics
  • Alfred Ploetz
  • German Society for Racial Hygiene​
  • Eugen Fischer
​PSYCHOLOGY
  • phrenology
  • Wilhelm Wundt
  • Pierre Janet
  • Sigmund Freud (Interpretation of Dreams)
  • psychoanalysis
  • Oedipus complex
  • Ivan Pavlov
  • behavioral conditioning
  • Carl Jung (Psychology of the Unconscious)
  • collective unconscious
  • ancestral memory
  • personality types​
Picture
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A chest X-ray in progress at Dr. Maxime Menard’s radiology department at the Cochin hospital in Paris, circa 1914.  Mendard later lost his finger to side effects from operating the X-ray machine
​​MODERN PHYSICS
  • Wilhelm Röntgen
  • Marie and Pierre Curie
  • Max Planck
  • quantum theory
  • Albert Einstein
  • special theory of relativity
  • general theory of relativity 

19th Century Philosophy

Objective: ​Explain how science and other intellectual disciplines developed and changed throughout the period from 1815 to 1914.
Picture
Picture
  • Philosophy largely moved from rational interpretations of nature and human society to an emphasis on irrationality and impulse, a view that contributed to the belief that conflict and struggle led to progress. 
  • Friedrich Nietzsche (Thus Spoke Zarathustra)
  • Übermensch
  • Henri Bergson (Creative Evolution)
  • élan vital
  • Georges Sorel (Reflections on Violence)

19th Century Religion

Objective: ​Explain how science and other intellectual disciplines developed and changed throughout the period from 1815 to 1914.
Picture
Kulturkampf caricature "Between Berlin and Rome", 1875
  • Philosophy largely moved from rational interpretations of nature and human society to an emphasis on irrationality and impulse, a view that contributed to the belief that conflict and struggle led to progress. 
  • Concordat of 1801
  • First Vatican Council
  • Jules Ferry laws
  • Émile Combes
  • Kulturkampf
  • German Center Party
  • Friedrich Schleiermacher
  • Søren Aabye Kierkegaard
  • opium of the people
  • ​Theosophy
  • Madame Blavatsky
19th Century Science, Philosophy, and Religion
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  • acc. PHILLIPS
  • America
    • Introduction
      • Course Overview
      • Policies
      • Essential Documents
    • 1492-1754
      • Colonization
    • 1754-1848
      • Revolution
      • Constitution
      • Expansion
    • 1848-1898
      • The Civil War
      • The Gilded Age
    • 1898-1945
      • The American Empire
      • The Great Depression
      • The Second World War
    • 1945-1991
      • The Early Cold War
      • The Great Society
      • The Late Cold War
    • 1991-Today
      • The Culture Wars
      • The War on Terror
  • Europe
    • Introduction
    • 1200-1450
    • 1450-1648
      • Renaissance
      • Reformation
      • Exploration
      • Links
      • Assignments
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Rick Steves Videos
        • Assorted Videos
      • Slideshows
    • 1648-1815
      • Sovereignty
      • Commerce
      • Reason
      • Revolution
      • Links
      • Readings and Assignments
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
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    • 1815-1914
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      • 1200-1450
        • Asia
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