Land Empires

c. 1450-1750

Objectives

• ​Explain how and why various land-based empires developed and expanded from 1450 to 1750.
  ​
  
• ​​Explain how rulers used a variety of methods to legitimize and consolidate their power in land-based empires from 1450 to 1750.

Gunpowder

Imperial expansion relied on the increased use of gunpowder, cannons, and armed trade to establish large empires in both hemispheres.

The Military Revolution

• gunpowder artillery
• star forts
• muskets
• volley fire
• ​permanent standing armies 

​Russia, Prussia, and Austria

• Third Rome
• Rurik dynasty
• Grand Prince Ivan III the Great of Moscow (r. 1462–1505)
• Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible (r. 1533–1584)
• Oprichnina
• boyars
• Sack of Novgorod (1570)
• The Time of Troubles (1587–1613)
• Michael Romanov
• Romanov dynasty

Cossacks
Old Believers
​Partition of Poland

The Romanov Dynasty of Russia​

• Peter I, the Great of Russia (r. 1682–1725)
• tsarist autocracy
• Grand Embassy tour (1697–1698)
• Streltsy
• boyars
• The Table of Ranks
• Siege of Azov (1696)
• The Great Northern War (1700–1721)
• St. Petersburg
• Catherine II, the Great of Russia (r. 1762–1796)
• Russian expansion
• Hermitage Museum
• Smolny Institute for Noble Maidens
• Pugachev’s Rebellion (1773–1775)

The Hohenzollern Dynasty of Prussia

• The Hohenzollern dynasty
• Brandenburg—Prussia
• Great Elector Frederick William (r. 1640–1688)
• Junkers
• Frederick I (r. 1688-1713)
• Frederick William I (r. 1713–1740), the “Soldier King"
• “Sparta of the North”
• Frederick II, the Great of Prussia (r. 1740–1786)
• The War of Austrian Succession (1740–1748)
• Seven Years’ War (1756–1763)

The Hapsburg Dynasty of Austria

• Ferdinand III (r. 1637–1657)
• The Turkish War (1683–1699)
• John III Sobieski of Poland (r. 1674–1696)
• Winged Hussar
• Ottoman siege of Vienna (1683)
• Francis Rákóczy
• Hungarian noble revolt (1703)
• Pragmatic Sanction (1713)
• Maria Theresa (r. 1740–1780)
• War of Austrian Succession (1740–1748)
• Seven Years’ War (1756–1763)
• Joseph II of Austria (r. 1765–1790)
• Leopold II (r. 1790–1792)

The Partitions of Poland

• Chmielnicki Revolt (1648–1657)
• The Deluge (1655–1660)
• szlachta
• Sejm
• Augustus II (r. 1694–1733)
• Silent Sejm (1717)
• Partitions of 1772, 1793, and 1795
• Jewish Pale of Settlement ​

​Manchus

• Land empires included the Manchu in Central and East Asia. 
  
  
• Political and religious disputes led to rivalries and conflict between states.
  
  
• Recruitment and use of bureaucratic elites, as well as the development of military professionals, became more common among rulers who wanted to maintain centralized control over their populations and resources.
  
  
• Rulers continued to use religious ideas, art, and monumental architecture to legitimize their rule.
  ​
• Rulers used tribute collection, tax farming, and innovative tax-collection systems to generate revenue in order to forward state power and expansion.

Mughals

• Land empires included the Mughal in South and Central Asia.
  
  
• Political and religious disputes led to rivalries and conflict between states.
  
  
• Recruitment and use of bureaucratic elites, as well as the development of military professionals, became more common among rulers who wanted to maintain centralized control over their populations and resources.
  
  
• Rulers continued to use religious ideas, art, and monumental architecture to legitimize their rule.
  ​
• Rulers used tribute collection, tax farming, and innovative tax-collection systems to generate revenue in order to forward state power and expansion.

Mahmud of Ghazni
Muhammad of Ghur
Qutb-ud-din Aibak
Delhi
bhaktic cults
Mira Bai
Kabir
Chaitanya
Timur
​Babur
Humayan
Akbar
​Din-i-Ilahi
Jahanagir
Shah Jahan
Aurangzeb
Nur Jahan
Mumtaz Mahal
Taj Mahal
Red Fort at Delhi
Akbar's tomb at Sikandra
tomb of Itimad al-Dowleh at Agra
child marriage and female seclusion
Maratta rebellion
emergence of Sikhs

​Ottomans

• Land empires included the Ottoman in Southern Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa.
  
  
• Political and religious disputes led to rivalries and conflict between states.
  
  
• Recruitment and use of bureaucratic elites, as well as the development of military professionals, became more common among rulers who wanted to maintain centralized control over their populations and resources.
  
  
• Rulers continued to use religious ideas, art, and monumental architecture to legitimize their rule.
  ​
• Rulers used tribute collection, tax farming, and innovative tax-collection systems to generate revenue in order to forward state power and expansion.

• Mehmed II, the Conqueror
• Conquest of Constantinople (1453)
• Suleiman the Magnificent (r. 1520–1566)
• Ottoman Golden Age
• ​Conquest of Hungary at Mohacs (1527)
• Siege of Vienna (1529)
• Battle of Lepanto (1571)
• Siege of Vienna (1683)​
• conversion of Hagia Sophia
• sultan
• millets
• Janissary slave-soldiers 
• vizier

​Safavids

• Land empires included the Safavids in the Middle East.
  
  
• Political and religious disputes led to rivalries and conflict between states.
  
  
• Recruitment and use of bureaucratic elites, as well as the development of military professionals, became more common among rulers who wanted to maintain centralized control over their populations and resources.
  
  
• Rulers continued to use religious ideas, art, and monumental architecture to legitimize their rule.
  ​
• Rulers used tribute collection, tax farming, and innovative tax-collection systems to generate revenue in order to forward state power and expansion.

Sail al-Din
Sufis
Red Heads
Isma'il
shah
Chaldiran
Tahmasp I
Abbas I, the Great
imams
mullahs
padishah
Isfahan
​Nadir Khan Afshar