acc. PHILLIPS
  • acc. PHILLIPS
  • America
    • Introduction
      • Course Overview
      • Policies
      • Essential Documents
    • 1492-1754
      • Colonization
    • 1754-1848
      • Revolution
      • Constitution
      • Expansion
    • 1848-1898
      • The Civil War
      • The Gilded Age
    • 1898-1945
      • The American Empire
      • The Great Depression
      • The Second World War
    • 1945-1991
      • The Early Cold War
      • The Great Society
      • The Late Cold War
    • 1991-Today
      • The Culture Wars
      • The War on Terror
  • Europe
    • Introduction
    • 1200-1450
    • 1450-1648
      • Renaissance
      • Reformation
      • Exploration
      • Readings
    • 1648-1815
      • Sovereignty
      • Commerce
      • Reason
      • Revolution
      • Readings
    • 1815-1914
      • Industry
      • Ideology
      • Empire
      • Modernity
      • Readings
    • 1914-Today
      • WWI
      • WWII
      • Cold War
      • EU
      • Readings
  • World
    • Ancient
    • Modern
      • Introduction
        • Course Overview
        • Policies
        • Essential Documents
        • Exam
      • 1200-1450
        • Asia
        • Africa
        • Europe
        • Americas
        • Trade
      • 1450-1750
        • Discovery
        • Maritime Empires
        • Land Empires
      • 1750-1900
        • Revolutions
        • Industrialization
        • Imperialism
      • 1900-Today
        • World Wars
        • Postwar World
        • Globalization
  • Research
  • Resources
  • About
  • Contact
  • acc. PHILLIPS
  • America
    • Introduction
      • Course Overview
      • Policies
      • Essential Documents
    • 1492-1754
      • Colonization
    • 1754-1848
      • Revolution
      • Constitution
      • Expansion
    • 1848-1898
      • The Civil War
      • The Gilded Age
    • 1898-1945
      • The American Empire
      • The Great Depression
      • The Second World War
    • 1945-1991
      • The Early Cold War
      • The Great Society
      • The Late Cold War
    • 1991-Today
      • The Culture Wars
      • The War on Terror
  • Europe
    • Introduction
    • 1200-1450
    • 1450-1648
      • Renaissance
      • Reformation
      • Exploration
      • Readings
    • 1648-1815
      • Sovereignty
      • Commerce
      • Reason
      • Revolution
      • Readings
    • 1815-1914
      • Industry
      • Ideology
      • Empire
      • Modernity
      • Readings
    • 1914-Today
      • WWI
      • WWII
      • Cold War
      • EU
      • Readings
  • World
    • Ancient
    • Modern
      • Introduction
        • Course Overview
        • Policies
        • Essential Documents
        • Exam
      • 1200-1450
        • Asia
        • Africa
        • Europe
        • Americas
        • Trade
      • 1450-1750
        • Discovery
        • Maritime Empires
        • Land Empires
      • 1750-1900
        • Revolutions
        • Industrialization
        • Imperialism
      • 1900-Today
        • World Wars
        • Postwar World
        • Globalization
  • Research
  • Resources
  • About
  • Contact

Global Interactions,
​c. 1450-1750

Land Empires

c. 1450-1750

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Contents


Land Empires, c. 1450-1750
  • Objectives
  • Gunpowder Empires​
    • ​The Military Revolution
    • Sunni, Shi'a, and Sikh
  • ​Mughals
  • Ottomans
  • Safavids
  • ​Russia, Prussia, and Austria

Objectives

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  • ​Explain how and why various land-based empires developed and expanded from 1450 to 1750.
    ​
  • ​​Explain how rulers used a variety of methods to legitimize and consolidate their power in land-based empires from 1450 to 1750.
    ​
  • ​​Explain continuity and change within the various belief systems during the period from 1450 to 1750.

  • ​​Explain the effects of the development of state power from 1450 to 1750.
    ​
  • ​​​Explain how social categories, roles, and practices have been maintained or have changed over time.
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Gunpowder Empires

The Military Revolution

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Fort Bourtange, a star fort completed in the Netherlands in 1593, gave guards a panoramic view of attackers. Massive bombards, like the Tsar Cannon cast in 1586, smashed defensive walls.
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Ming musketry volley formation
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Ottoman artillery
Imperial expansion relied on the increased use of gunpowder, cannons, and armed trade to establish large empires in both hemispheres.
audio pronunciation guide:
  • military revolution
  • gunpowder empires
  • artillery
  • fire lances
  • arquebus
  • muskets
  • volley fire
  • star forts
  • ​permanent standing armies 
Article: The First Guns: How Gunpowder Overcame the Sword
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The Military Revolution (comprehensive)
The Military Revolution (abridged)

Sunni, Shi'a, and Sikh

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calligraphic representation of 12 Imams along with the name of the Prophet Muhammad
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  • Rulers continued to use religious ideas, art, and monumental architecture to legitimize their rule.​​
    ​
  • Political rivalries between the Ottoman and Safavid empires intensified the split within Islam between Sunni and Shi’a.
    ​
  • Sikhism developed in South Asia in a context of interactions between Hinduism and Islam. ​
audio pronunciation guide:
  • Sunni
  • Abu Bakr
  • Shi'a
  • Ali
  • caliph
  • Twelvers
  • Sufism
  • Wahhabism
  • Sikhism
  • Guru Nanak
  • syncretic faith
Sunni, Shi'a, and Sikh (comprehensive)
Sunni, Shi'a, and Sikh (abridged)
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the trio of Islamic gunpowder empires: Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals

Mughals

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Babur, founder of the Mughal empire
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Mughal Emperor Akbar training an elephant
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dragging siege-guns uphill during Akbar's attack on Ranthambhor Fort in 1568
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Akbar II seated on the Peacock Throne (c. 1811)
  • Land empires included the Mughal in South and Central Asia.

  • Political and religious disputes led to rivalries and conflict between states.

  • Recruitment and use of bureaucratic elites, as well as the development of military professionals, became more common among rulers who wanted to maintain centralized control over their populations and resources.

  • Rulers continued to use religious ideas, art, and monumental architecture to legitimize their rule.
    ​
  • Rulers used tribute collection, tax farming, and innovative tax-collection systems to generate revenue in order to forward state power and expansion.

  • Many states, such as the Mughal and Ottoman empires, adopted practices to accommodate the ethnic and religious diversity of their subjects or to utilize the economic, political, and military contributions of different ethnic or religious groups. In other cases, states suppressed diversity or limited certain groups’ roles in society, politics, or the economy.
audio pronunciation guide:
  • Mahmud of Ghazni
  • Muhammad of Ghur
  • Qutb-ud-din Aibak
  • Delhi
  • ​Delhi Sultanate
  • bhaktic cults
  • Mira Bai
  • Kabir
  • Chaitanya
  • Timur-i Lang​
  • Babur
  • Mughal empire
  • Humayan
  • Akbar
  • ​Din-i-Ilahi
  • Fatehpur Sikri
  • Agra Fort
  • Red Fort at Delhi
  • Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi
  • mausoleum of Shaykh Salim Chishti
  • Akbar's tomb at Sikandra
  • tomb of Itimad al-Dowleh at Agra
  • Peacock Throne
  • Jahanagir
  • Nur Jahan
  • Shah Jahan
  • Mumtaz Mahal
  • Taj Mahal
  • Aurangzeb
  • Sikhism
  • Maratha rebellion
  • ​child marriage and female seclusion
Article: Nalanda University: An Ancient Indian Ivy-League Institution
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Article: The Mughal Women Who Wouldn't Stay in the Harem
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Mughal architecture
Mughal Empire (comprehensive)
Mughal Empire (abridged)

​Ottomans

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Süleymaniye Mosque, Istanbul
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Suleiman the Magnificent (r. 1520–1566)​
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Janissary drawing by Gentile Bellini
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Sultan Mehmed II allowed Orthodoxy to remain active after the fall of Constantinople in 1453.
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Ottoman execution by elephant of defeated Christians in Serbia
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Ottoman siege of Esztergom (1543)
  • Land empires included the Ottoman in Southern Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa.

  • Political and religious disputes led to rivalries and conflict between states.

  • Recruitment and use of bureaucratic elites, as well as the development of military professionals, became more common among rulers who wanted to maintain centralized control over their populations and resources.

  • Rulers continued to use religious ideas, art, and monumental architecture to legitimize their rule.
    ​
  • Rulers used tribute collection, tax farming, and innovative tax-collection systems to generate revenue in order to forward state power and expansion.

  • Many states, such as the Mughal and Ottoman empires, adopted practices to accommodate the ethnic and religious diversity of their subjects or to utilize the economic, political, and military contributions of different ethnic or religious groups. In other cases, states suppressed diversity or limited certain groups’ roles in society, politics, or the economy.
audio pronunciation guide:
  • Ottoman empire
  • Osman Bey
  • ghazi
  • devshirme
  • Janissary slave-soldiers
  • vizier
  • Mehmed II, the Conqueror
  • Istanbul (not Constantinople)
  • Aya Sofya (Hagia Sofia)
  • Topkapi palace
  • Selim the Grim
  • Piri Reis
  • Suleiman the Magnificent (r. 1520–1566)​
  • millets
  • kanun
  • Mimar Sinan
  • Suleymaniye
  • Hurrem Sultana
  • Selim the Sot
  • harem
  • battle of Lepanto (1571)
  • Khayr al-Din Barbarossa Pasha
  • Ibrahim the Crazy
  • siege of Vienna (1683)​
  • Ottoman coffeehouses
Article: What Was So Magnificent About Suleiman the Magnificent?
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Article: Under Suleiman’s Rule: The Role of Women in the Ottoman Empire
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Ottoman Empire (comprehensive)
Ottoman Empire (abridged)

​Safavids

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Isma'il was reported to use the gilded skull of a defeated enemy as a wine goblet
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court of Shah Abbas I the Great
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capture of Tabriz and the parading before Abbas I of the severed heads of Ottoman soldiers (1603)
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music hall of that Ali Qapu palace
  • Land empires included the Safavids in the Middle East.

  • Political and religious disputes led to rivalries and conflict between states.

  • Recruitment and use of bureaucratic elites, as well as the development of military professionals, became more common among rulers who wanted to maintain centralized control over their populations and resources.

  • Rulers continued to use religious ideas, art, and monumental architecture to legitimize their rule.
    ​
  • Rulers used tribute collection, tax farming, and innovative tax-collection systems to generate revenue in order to forward state power and expansion.
audio pronunciation guide:
  • Safi al-Din
  • Sufis
  • Safavid dynasty
  • Isma'il
  • shah
  • padishah
  • Twelver Shiism
  • imams
  • mullahs
  • qizilbash (red heads)
  • battle of Chaldiran
  • Tahmasp I
  • Mahd-e Olya
  • Abbas I the Great
  • Isfahan
  • ​Ali Qapu
  • ​Nadir Khan Afshar
Safavid Empire (comprehensive)
Safavid Empire (abridged)

​Russia, Prussia, and Austria

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Russia

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Peter I, the Great (r. 1682–1725) elevated Russia from a weak state on Europe's eastern fringe to a Great Power as he modernized and Westernized the nation.
audio pronunciation guide:
  • Third Rome
  • Rurik dynasty
  • boyars
  • Grand Prince Ivan III the Great of Moscow (r. 1462–1505)
  • Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible (r. 1533–1584)
  • Time of Troubles (1587–1613)
  • Michael Romanov
  • Romanov dynasty
  • Cossacks
  • Old Believers
  • Peter I, the Great of Russia (r. 1682–1725)
  • Grand Embassy tour (1697–1698)
  • Great Northern War (1700–1721)
  • St. Petersburg
  • Catherine II the Great (r. 1762–1796)
  • Siberia
  • ​Yemelian Pugachev’s Rebellion (1773–1775)
  • Vitus Bering
  • Russian serfdom

Prussia

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Frederick II, the Great (r. 1740–1786) greatly expanded Prussia's territory and made Prussia a leading military power in Europe.
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audio pronunciation guide:
  • Hohenzollern dynasty
  • Brandenburg—Prussia
  • Junkers
  • Frederick William I (r. 1713–1740) the “Soldier King"
  • ​Frederick II, the Great of Prussia (r. 1740–1786)
  • War of Austrian Succession (1740–1748)
  • Seven Years’ War (1756–1763)

Austria

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Maria Theresa (r. 1740–1780), the only female leader of the Hapsburg dynasty, defended her lands against Frederick the Great of Prussia in both the War of Austrian Succession and Seven Years’ War.
Article: What made Austria's Maria Theresa a one-of-a-kind ruler
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Picture
audio pronunciation guide:
  • Hapsburg dynasty
  • Charles V
  • ​Ottoman siege of Vienna (1683)​
  • Pragmatic Sanction (1713)
  • Maria Theresa (r. 1740–1780)
  • War of Austrian Succession (1740–1748)
  • Seven Years’ War (1756–1763)​

Poland

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The rulers of Russia, Austria, and Prussia divided and conquered Poland in a series of three Partitions.
audio pronunciation guide:
  • Partitions of Poland​​
  • Jewish Pale of Settlement ​​
Russia, Prussia, and Austria (comprehensive)
Russia, Prussia, and Austria (abridged)
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Resources:

Barron's AP European History Flashcards, Second Edition​

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  • acc. PHILLIPS
  • America
    • Introduction
      • Course Overview
      • Policies
      • Essential Documents
    • 1492-1754
      • Colonization
    • 1754-1848
      • Revolution
      • Constitution
      • Expansion
    • 1848-1898
      • The Civil War
      • The Gilded Age
    • 1898-1945
      • The American Empire
      • The Great Depression
      • The Second World War
    • 1945-1991
      • The Early Cold War
      • The Great Society
      • The Late Cold War
    • 1991-Today
      • The Culture Wars
      • The War on Terror
  • Europe
    • Introduction
    • 1200-1450
    • 1450-1648
      • Renaissance
      • Reformation
      • Exploration
      • Readings
    • 1648-1815
      • Sovereignty
      • Commerce
      • Reason
      • Revolution
      • Readings
    • 1815-1914
      • Industry
      • Ideology
      • Empire
      • Modernity
      • Readings
    • 1914-Today
      • WWI
      • WWII
      • Cold War
      • EU
      • Readings
  • World
    • Ancient
    • Modern
      • Introduction
        • Course Overview
        • Policies
        • Essential Documents
        • Exam
      • 1200-1450
        • Asia
        • Africa
        • Europe
        • Americas
        • Trade
      • 1450-1750
        • Discovery
        • Maritime Empires
        • Land Empires
      • 1750-1900
        • Revolutions
        • Industrialization
        • Imperialism
      • 1900-Today
        • World Wars
        • Postwar World
        • Globalization
  • Research
  • Resources
  • About
  • Contact