Europe

c. 1200-1450

Objectives

• ​Explain how the beliefs and practices of the predominant religions in Europe affected European society.
  
  
• ​Explain the causes and consequences of political decentralization in Europe from c. 1200 to c. 1450.

​Judeo-Christian Traditions

Ashkenazic Jews resettled in Eastern Europe after their forced expulsion from Western European states during the Middle Ages.

​Christianity, Judaism, Islam, and the core beliefs and practices of these religions continued to shape societies in Europe.

Judaism

• Abraham
• Moses
• Exodus
• Covenant
• Ten Commandments
• Torah
• Jerusalem
• Destruction of the Second Temple
• Jewish Diaspora
• Ashkenazic Jews
• Yiddish
• Sephardic Jews
• Conversos
• Jewish Pogroms

Jan Hus is considered the first Church reformer. He was burned at the stake for heresy against the doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church.

Christianity

• ​​Judeo-Christian Tradition
• messiah
• Jesus of Nazareth
• Concerns of Jewish and Roman leaders which led to Jesus’ execution
• Bible
• Great Schism of 1054
• Eastern Orthodoxy
• Roman Catholic Church
• Latin Christendom
• clergy
• pope
• patriarch
• bishop
• priest
• lay investiture
• heresy
• infidel 
• Inquisition
• secular​
• interdict
• vernacular
• Latin evolved into what languages?
• Gothic cathedrals 
• missionary
• monasticism/monastery
  
• monk
• nun
• relic
• sacrament​
• rise of universities

Feudalism

A 13th century French representation of the tripartite social order of the middle ages – Oratores: "those who pray", Bellatores: "those who fight", and Laboratores: "those who work".

Europe was politically fragmented and characterized by decentralized monarchies, feudalism, and the manorial system.

• ​Great Chain of Being
• Three Estates
• feudalism
• vassal
• What did a lord offer his vassal?
• What did a lord receive from his vassal?
• fief
• knights
• chivalry
• ​tournament
• common law
• Magna Carta
• English Parliament
• French Estates-General
• ​crusade
• What were the economic, social, and political goals of the Crusades?
• What the main result of the First Crusade? … the Third Crusade? … the Fourth Crusade?
• reconquista
• Hundred Years’ War​
• Holy Roman Empire

​Manorialism

Serfs preparing fields for winter from the The Very Rich Hours of the Duke of Berry, c.1410

​Europe was largely an agricultural society dependent on free and coerced labor, including serfdom.

• manorialism
• estate
• ​serfs
• What did a lord offer his serfs?
• What did a lord receive from his serfs?
• moldboard
• three-field system
• Socio-economic impact of Black Death (1346–1353)
• German Peasants’ Revolt (1524–1525)
• ​Serfdom in Prussia, Austria, Hungary, Poland-Lithuania, and Russia 
• Hanseatic League
• burgher/bourgeoisie
• guilds