acc. PHILLIPS
  • acc. PHILLIPS
  • America
    • Introduction
      • Course Overview
      • Policies
      • Essential Documents
    • 1492-1754
      • Colonization
    • 1754-1848
      • Revolution
      • Constitution
      • Expansion
    • 1848-1898
      • The Civil War
      • The Gilded Age
    • 1898-1945
      • The American Empire
      • The Great Depression
      • The Second World War
    • 1945-1991
      • The Early Cold War
      • The Great Society
      • The Late Cold War
    • 1991-Today
      • The Culture Wars
      • The War on Terror
  • Europe
    • Introduction
    • 1200-1450
    • 1450-1648
      • Renaissance
      • Reformation
      • Exploration
      • Links
      • Assignments
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Rick Steves Videos
        • Assorted Videos
      • Slideshows
    • 1648-1815
      • Sovereignty
      • Commerce
      • Reason
      • Revolution
      • Links
      • Readings and Assignments
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Assorted Videos
      • Slideshows
    • 1815-1914
      • Industry
      • Ideology
      • Empire
      • Modernity
      • Links
      • Readings and Assignments
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Assorted Videos
      • Slideshows
    • 1914-Today
      • WWI
      • WWII
      • Cold War
      • EU
      • Links
      • Assignments and Readings
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Assorted Videos
      • Slideshows
  • World
    • Ancient
    • Modern
      • Introduction
        • Course Overview
        • Policies
        • Essential Documents
        • Exam
      • 1200-1450
        • Asia
        • Africa
        • Europe
        • Americas
        • Trade
      • 1450-1750
        • Discovery
        • Maritime Empires
        • Land Empires
      • 1750-1900
        • Revolutions
        • Industrialization
        • Imperialism
      • 1900-Today
        • World Wars
        • Postwar World
        • Globalization
  • Research
  • Resources
  • About
  • Contact
  • acc. PHILLIPS
  • America
    • Introduction
      • Course Overview
      • Policies
      • Essential Documents
    • 1492-1754
      • Colonization
    • 1754-1848
      • Revolution
      • Constitution
      • Expansion
    • 1848-1898
      • The Civil War
      • The Gilded Age
    • 1898-1945
      • The American Empire
      • The Great Depression
      • The Second World War
    • 1945-1991
      • The Early Cold War
      • The Great Society
      • The Late Cold War
    • 1991-Today
      • The Culture Wars
      • The War on Terror
  • Europe
    • Introduction
    • 1200-1450
    • 1450-1648
      • Renaissance
      • Reformation
      • Exploration
      • Links
      • Assignments
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Rick Steves Videos
        • Assorted Videos
      • Slideshows
    • 1648-1815
      • Sovereignty
      • Commerce
      • Reason
      • Revolution
      • Links
      • Readings and Assignments
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Assorted Videos
      • Slideshows
    • 1815-1914
      • Industry
      • Ideology
      • Empire
      • Modernity
      • Links
      • Readings and Assignments
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Assorted Videos
      • Slideshows
    • 1914-Today
      • WWI
      • WWII
      • Cold War
      • EU
      • Links
      • Assignments and Readings
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Assorted Videos
      • Slideshows
  • World
    • Ancient
    • Modern
      • Introduction
        • Course Overview
        • Policies
        • Essential Documents
        • Exam
      • 1200-1450
        • Asia
        • Africa
        • Europe
        • Americas
        • Trade
      • 1450-1750
        • Discovery
        • Maritime Empires
        • Land Empires
      • 1750-1900
        • Revolutions
        • Industrialization
        • Imperialism
      • 1900-Today
        • World Wars
        • Postwar World
        • Globalization
  • Research
  • Resources
  • About
  • Contact

Renaissance,
c. 1450-1648 CE

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Rulers soon recognized that capitalist enterprise offered them a revenue source to support state functions, and the competition among states ​was extended into the economic arena. ​

Renaissance,

​c. 1450-1648 CE

In the 16th and 17th centuries, Europeans experienced profound economic and social changes. The influx of precious metals from the Americas and the gradual recovery of Europe’s population from the Black Death caused a significant rise in the cost of goods and services by the 16th century, known as the price revolution. The new pattern of economic enterprise and investment that arose from these changes would come to be called capitalism. Family-based banking houses were supplanted by broadly integrated capital markets in Genoa, then in Amsterdam, and later in London. These and other urban centers became increasingly active consumer markets for a variety of luxury goods and commodities.
 
Rulers soon recognized that capitalist enterprise offered them a revenue source to support state functions, and the competition among states was extended into the economic arena. The drive for economic profit and the increasing scale of commerce stimulated the creation of joint-stock companies to conduct overseas trade and colonization. These demographic and economic changes altered many Europeans’ daily lives. As population increased in the 16th century, the price of grain rose and diets deteriorated, all as monarchs were increasing taxes to support their larger state militaries. All but the wealthy were vulnerable to food shortages, and even the wealthy had no immunity to recurrent lethal epidemics.
 
Although hierarchy and privilege continued to define the social structure, the nobility and gentry expanded with the infusion of new blood from the commercial and professional classes. By the mid-17th century, war, economic contraction, and slackening population growth contributed to the disintegration of older communal values. Growing numbers of the poor became beggars or vagabonds, straining the traditional systems of charity and social control.
 
In eastern Europe, commercial development lagged and traditional social patterns continued; the nobility actually increased its power over the peasantry. Traditional town governments, dominated by craft guilds and traditional religious institutions, struggled to address growing poverty. The Reformation and Counter-Reformation stimulated a drive to regulate public morals, leisure activities, and the distribution of poor relief.
 
In both town and country, the family remained the dominant unit of production, and marriage remained an instrument of families’ social and economic strategies. The children of peasants and craft workers often labored alongside their parents. In the lower orders of society, men and women did not occupy separate spheres, although they performed different tasks. Economics often dictated later European marriage patterns. However, there were exceptions to this pattern: in the cities of Renaissance Italy, men in their early 30s often married teenaged women, and in eastern Europe, early marriage for both men and women continued to be the norm. Despite the growth of the market economy in which individuals increasingly made their own way, leisure activities tended to be communal, rather than individualistic and consumerist as they are today. Local communities enforced their customs and norms through crowd action and in some cases, rituals of public shaming.
​

Source: https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/pdf/ap-european-history-course-and-exam-description.pdf
New legal and political theories, embodied in the codification of law, strengthened state institutions, which increasingly took control of the social and economic order from traditional religious and local bodies. ... By the end of the Thirty Years’ War, a new state system had emerged based on sovereign nation-states ​and the balance of power.
Renaissance intellectuals and artists revived classical motifs in the fine arts and classical values in literature and education. Intellectuals—later called humanists—employed new methods of textual criticism based on a deep knowledge of Greek and Latin, and revived classical ideas that made human beings the measure of all things. Artists formulated new styles based on ancient models. The humanists remained Christians while promoting ancient philosophical ideas and classical texts. Artists and architects such as Brunelleschi, Leonardo, Michelangelo, and Raphael glorified human potential and the human form in the visual arts, basing their art on classical models while using new techniques of painting and drawing, such as geometric perspective. The invention of the printing press in the mid-15th century accelerated the development and dissemination of these new attitudes, notably in Europe north of the Alps (the Northern Renaissance).

Three trends shaped early modern political development: (1) a shift from decentralized power and authority toward
 centralization; (2) a shift from a political elite consisting primarily of hereditary landed nobility toward one open to men distinguished by their education, skills, and wealth; and (3) a shift from religious toward secular norms of law and justice.

One innovation promoting state centralization and the transformation of the landed nobility was the new dominance of firearms and artillery on the battlefield. The introduction of these new technologies, along with changes in tactics and strategy, amounted to a military revolution that reduced the role of mounted knights and castles, raised the cost of maintaining military power beyond the means of individual lords, and led to professionalization of the military on land and sea under the authority of the sovereign. This military revolution favored rulers who could command the resources required for building increasingly complex fortifications and fielding disciplined infantry and artillery units. Monarchs who could increase taxes and create bureaucracies to collect and spend them on their military outmaneuvered those who could not.
​
In general, monarchs gained power through the corporate groups and institutions that had thrived during the medieval period, notably the landed nobility and the clergy. Commercial and professional groups, such as merchants, lawyers, and other educated and talented persons, acquired increasing power in the state—often in alliance with the monarchs— alongside or in place of these traditional corporate groups. New legal and political theories, embodied in the codification of law, strengthened state institutions, which increasingly took control of the social and economic order from traditional religious and local bodies.

However, these developments were not universal. Within states, minority language groups retained a more local identity that resisted political centralization. In eastern and southern Europe, the traditional elites maintained their positions in many polities. The centralization of power within polities took place within and facilitated a new diplomatic framework among states. Ideals of a universal Christian empire declined along with the power and prestige of the Holy Roman Empire, which was unable to overcome the challenges of political localism and religious pluralism. By the end of the Thirty Years’ War, a new state system had emerged based on sovereign nation-states and the balance of power.

Source: https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/pdf/ap-european-history-course-and-exam-description.pdf

Early Modern Society

​Objective: Explain European commercial and agricultural developments and their social and economic effects from 1450 to 1648.

Agriculture

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The Columbian Exchange introduced new staple crops to Europe, including corn, potatoes, and tomatoes, as depicted here in Solanum lycopersicum var. lycopersicum, the oldest tomato collection of Europe, 1542–1544
  • ​Most Europeans derived their livelihood from agriculture and oriented their lives around the seasons, the village, or the manor, although economic changes began to alter rural production and power. 

  • Subsistence agriculture was the rule in most areas, with three-crop field rotation in the north and two-crop rotation in the Mediterranean; in many cases, farmers paid rent and labor services for their lands. 

  • Population recovered to its pre-Great Plague level in the 16th century, and continuing population pressures contributed to uneven price increases; agricultural commodities increased more sharply than wages, reducing living standards for some. ​

  • Economic change produced new social patterns, while traditions of hierarchy and status continued.

  • As western Europe moved toward a free peasantry and commercial agriculture, serfdom was codified in the east, where nobles continued to dominate economic life on large estates.
    ​
  • The attempts of landlords to increase their revenues by restricting or abolishing the traditional rights of peasants led to revolt. 
  • Mediterranean traditional two-crop rotation
  • Northern European three-crop field rotation
  • farming markets
  • ​serfdom
  • socio-economic impact of Black Death
  • ​Jacquerie
  • Wat Tyler’s Rebellion
  • German Peasants’ Revolt
  • commons
  • enclosure
  • Anti-enclosure Acts of 1489 and 1516
  • ​Kett's Rebellion
  • Midland Revolt
  • Eastern European population loss
  • serfdom in Eastern Europe​
  • Columbian Exchange​
Picture
The peasants preparing the fields for the winter with a harrow and sowing for the winter grain, from the The Very Rich Hours of the Duke of Berry, c.1410

Towns and Cities

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Picture
The Fish Market by Joachim Beuckelaer, c. 1568
  • European society and the experiences of everyday life were increasingly shaped by commercial and agricultural capitalism, notwithstanding the continued existence of medieval social and economic structures.​

  • Innovations in banking and finance promoted the growth of urban financial centers and a money economy. 
    ​
  • Migrants to the cities challenged the ability of merchant elites and craft guilds to govern, and strained resources. 

  • Population shifts and growing commerce caused the expansion of cities, which often placed stress on their traditional political and social structures. 
  • capitalism
  • consumer markets
  • ​market towns
  • craft guilds
  • free-cities
  • bourgeoisie
  • artisans
  • escaped serfs 
  • joint-stock companies
  • Genoa
  • Lisbon
  • Amsterdam
  • London
  • ​price revolution

Public Morality

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Execution of Girolamo Savonarola in Florence, 1498 
  • Popular culture, leisure activities, and rituals reflecting the continued popularity of folk ideas reinforced and sometimes challenged communal ties and norms. 
    ​
  • Local and church authorities continued to enforce communal norms through rituals of public humiliation. 
  • Girolamo Savonarola
  • bonfire of the vanities
  • Genevan Consistory
  • Vagabond Acts
  • Poor Laws
  • Houses of Industry
  • House of Correction
  • ​poorhouse
  • almshouse

Women

Picture
Christine de Pizan lecturing men

  • ​The Renaissance and Reformation raised debates about female education and women’s roles in the family, church, and society.
    ​
  • From the late 16th century on, Europeans responded to economic and environmental challenges, such as the Little Ice Age, by delaying marriage and childbearing. This European marriage pattern restrained population growth and ultimately improved the economic condition of families.
  • the Woman Question
  • marriage patterns
  • ​Christine de Pizan
  • Lutheran role of women

Folk Culture

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Carnival in Rome circa 1650

  • Popular culture, leisure activities, and rituals reflecting the continued popularity of folk ideas reinforced and sometimes challenged communal ties and norms. 

  • European society and the experiences of everyday life were increasingly shaped by commercial and agricultural capitalism, notwithstanding the continued existence of medieval social and economic structures.
    ​
  • Economic change produced new social patterns, while traditions of hierarchy and status continued.

  • Reflecting folk ideas and social and economic upheaval, accusations of witchcraft peaked between 1580 and 1650.

  • Leisure activities continued to be organized according to the religious calendar and the agricultural cycle, and remained communal in nature. 
  • Greco-Roman classical heritage
  • Germanic traditions
  • Romano-Germanic blended culture
  • Celtic traditions
  • Slavic traditions
  • folklore
  • saints' days festivals
  • Carnival
  • blood sports
  • prostitution
  • syphilis epidemic
  • public humiliation
  • stocks
  • pillory
  • charivari
  • public whippings
  • brandings
  • ​witchcraft
  • Witches’ Sabbaths
  • witch hunts 
  • Malleus Maleficarum
  • Johann Georg Faust
Early Modern Society Quizlet
Agriculture, Serfdom, the Growth of Cities, Public Morality, Women, and Folk Culture, c. 1450-1648

Renaissance

Italian Renaissance

Objectives:
  1. Explain the context in which the Renaissance developed.
  2. Explain how the revival of classical texts contributed to the development of the Renaissance in Italy.
  3. Explain the political, intellectual, and cultural effects of the Italian Renaissance.
Picture
Il Duomo di Firenze (1436) by Filippo Brunelleschi
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​​Places:
  • Genoa
  • Venice
  • Milan (Sforza family)
  • Florence (Cosimo and Lorenzo Medici)
  • Rome (Papal States)
  • Kingdom of Naples (ruled by Aragon, Spain)
  • Mantua (Isabella d'Este)
  • The rediscovery of works from ancient Greece and Rome and observation of the natural world changed many Europeans’ view of their world.

  • A revival of classical texts led to new methods of scholarship and new values in both society and religion.

  • The visual arts incorporated the new ideas of the Renaissance and were used to promote personal, political, and religious goals. 

  • Italian Renaissance humanists, including Petrarch, promoted a revival in classical literature and created new philological approaches to ancient texts. Some Renaissance humanists furthered the values of secularism and individualism.

  • Humanist revival of Greek and Roman texts, spread by the printing press, challenged the institutional power of universities and the Catholic Church. This shifted education away from a primary focus on theological writings toward classical texts and new methods of scientific inquiry.

  • Admiration for Greek and Roman political institutions supported a revival of civic humanist culture in the Italian city-states and produced secular models for individual and political behavior.
    ​
  • In the Italian Renaissance, rulers and popes concerned with enhancing their prestige commissioned paintings and architectural works based on classical styles, the developing “naturalism” in the artistic world, and often the newly invented technique of geometric perspective.
  • Giotto
  • Masaccio
  • Dante Alighieri (Divine Comedy)
  • Petrarch
  • Leonardo Bruni
  • Pico della Mirandola (Dignity of Man)
  • Marsilio Ficino (Florentine Academy)
  • Lorenzo Valla
  • Leonardo da Vinci (Mona Lisa, Last Supper)
  • Leon Battista Alberti
  • Francesco Sforza
  • ​Cosimo de' Medici
  • Lorenzo de' Medici
  • Niccolo Machiavelli (The Prince)
  • Francesco Guicciardini (History of Italy)
  • Baldassare Castiglione (The Courtier)
  • Filipo Brunelleschi (Il Duomo)
  • Donatello (David)
  • Sandro Botticelli (Birth of Venus, Primavera)
  • Michelangelo (Pieta, David, Moses, Sistine Chapel)
  • Pope Julius II
  • Pope Clement VII
  • Raphael (School of Athens)
  • Pope Leo X
  • Andrea Palladio
  • Titian
  • Giovanni Bellini
  • late medieval Mediterranean trade
  • ​florin
  • secularism
  • humanism
  • vernacular
  • civic humanism
  • humanities
  • liberal arts education
  • polymath/Renaissance Man
  • patron
  • St. Peter's Basilica
  • frescoes
  • oil painting
  • chiaroscuro
  • sfumato ​​
  • Italian Wars
  • Peace of Lodi
  • diplomacy
  • balance of power
  • condottieri
  • Sack of Rome​
Picture
Leonardo da Vinci's Vitruvian Man (c. 1490) shows the correlations of ideal human body proportions with geometry described by the ancient Roman architect Vitruvius in his De Architectura.
The Italian Renaissance Quizlet

Northern Renaissance

Objectives: 
  1. Explain how Renaissance ideas were developed, maintained, and changed as the Renaissance spread to northern Europe.
  2. Explain the influence of the printing press on cultural and intellectual developments in modern European history.
Picture
Château de Chambord, Loire Valley, France (1519)
Picture
  • The Northern Renaissance retained a more religious focus, which resulted in more human-centered naturalism that considered individuals and everyday life appropriate objects of artistic representation.

  • Christian humanism, embodied in the writings of Erasmus, employed Renaissance learning in the service of religious reform.

  • The invention of printing promoted the dissemination of new ideas.
    ​
  • The invention of the printing press in the 1450s helped spread the Renaissance beyond Italy and encouraged the growth of vernacular literature, which would eventually contribute to the development of national cultures.
  • Northern Renaissance
  • French Loire Valley châteaux
  • paper
  • printing press
  • Johann Gutenberg of Mainz
  • Jan Van Eyck (Giovanni Arnolfini)
  • Pieter Brueghel the Elder (Peasant Wedding, Peasant Dance, Winter Landscape)
  • Hieronymus Bosch (Garden of Earthly Delights)
  • Albrecht Dürer (Knight, Death, and the Devil, Self-portrait, Martyrdom of 10,000)
  • Hans Holbein the Younger (Henry VIII, Georg Giese, The Ambassadors)
  • Francis I of France
  • Christine de Pizan (City of Ladies)
  • François Rabelais (Gargantua and Pantagruel)
  • Michel de Montaigne (Essays)
  • skepticism
  • William Shakespeare (Hamlet, Macbeth, Romeo & Juliet, Sonnets)
  • Christopher Marlowe (Doctor Faustus) 
  • Desiderius Erasmus
The Northern Renaissance Quizlet

The New Monarchies

Objectives: 
  1. Explain the causes and effects of the development of political institutions from 1450 to 1648.​
  2. Explain the technological factors that facilitated European expansion from 1450 to 1648.
  • The struggle for sovereignty within and among states resulted in varying degrees of political centralization.
    ​
  • The new concept of the sovereign state and secular systems of law played a central role in the creation of new political institutions.

  • Monarchs and princes initiated religious reform from the top down in an effort to exercise greater control over religious life and morality.

  • New monarchies laid the foundation for the centralized modern state by establishing monopolies on tax collection, employing military force, dispensing justice, and gaining the right to determine the religion of their subjects.
    ​
  • Across Europe, commercial and professional groups gained in power and played a greater role in political affairs. 

The Military Revolution

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Massive bombards, like the Tsar Cannon cast in 1586, smashed defensive walls.
Picture
Fort Bourtange, a star fort completed in the Netherlands in 1593, gave guards a panoramic view of attackers.
Picture
17th century map of the city of Palmanova, Italy, an example of a Venetian star fort
  • military revolution
  • end of chivalry
  • gunpowder
  • ​gunpowder artillery​
  • ​arquebus
  • muskets​​
  • volley fire
  • condottieri
  • star forts
  • Maurice of Nassau
  • Gustavus Adolphus
  • battle of Breitenfeld
  • permanent standing armies 
Picture
Maurice of Nassau developed a standardized 43-step drill for musket volley fire.
Picture
The Embarkation of Henry VIII at Dover by James Basire (1540) showcases the Mary Rose, flagship of the English navy. Its wreckage was raised in 1982 in one of the most complex and expensive maritime salvage projects in history, as is now on display at the Mary Rose Museum. 

Trastámara Spain

Picture
Picture
symbol of the Spanish Trastámara dynasty
IBERIA
  • Christian kingdoms of Portugal, Castile, Aragon, and Navarre
  • Muslim Emirate of Granada
  • Trastámara dynasty
  • Isabella I of Castille
  • Ferdinand II of Aragon, Naples, and Sicily
  • Spanish Inquisition
  • auto-da-fé
  • Christian Reconquista
  • expulsion of Sephardic Jews
  • conversos

Valois France

Picture
Picture
symbol of the French Valois dynasty
FRANCE
  • ​Hundred Years' War
  • Valois dynasty
  • Louis XI the Spider 
  • Charles the Bold of Burgundy
  • Francis I
  • Concordat of Bologna
  • Franco-Ottoman Alliance

Tudor England

Picture
Picture
English ​Tudor rose symbol
ENGLAND
  • War of the Roses
  • House of York
  • House of Lancaster
  • Richard III
  • battle of Bosworth Field
  • Tudor dynasty
  • Henry VII
  • Court of the Star Chamber
  • Henry VIII
  • Hampton Court Palace

The Holy Roman Empire

Picture
Picture
Though the Holy Roman Empire included much of Central and Western Europe, it was loose affiliation of politically fragmented micro-states.
Picture
symbol of the Austrian Hapsburg dynasty ​
THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE
  • Holy Roman Empire
  • free imperial cities
  • Imperial Diet
  • Prince-electors
  • Austrian Hapsburg dynasty 

War and Diplomacy

  • ​​Continued political fragmentation in Renaissance Italy provided a background for the development of new concepts of the secular state.
  • Italian Wars, aka Hapsburg-Valois Wars
  • Sack of Rome​
  • Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis​
  • diplomacy
  • ​embassies
  • ambassadors
  • secular state
  • Niccolo Machiavelli (The Prince)
  • Jean Bodin
  • Hugo Grotius (On the Law of War and Peace) 
Picture
The Ambassadors (1533) by Hans Holbein the Younger portrays Jean de Dinteville and Georges de Selve, ambassadors of Francis I of France.
Picture
The Peace of Cateau-Cambresis (1559). Henry II of France and Philip II of Spain were in reality absent, and the peace was signed by their ambassadors.​
The New Monarchies Quizlet
The Military Revolution, the New Monarchies, Holy Roman Empire, Italian Wars, and Diplomacy,  c. 1450-1648

Spain and England

Objective: ​​Explain the causes and effects of the development of political institutions from 1450 to 1648.
Picture
English ships and the Spanish Armada during the battle of Gravelines, August 1588. A 48-gun Spanish galleass flies the Papal banner and the arms of Spain. The 55-gun English flagship flies the Elizabethan Royal Standard.
  • The struggle for sovereignty within and among states resulted in varying degrees of political centralization.

  • The new concept of the sovereign state and secular systems of law played a central role in the creation of new political institutions.

  • Monarchs and princes, including the English rulers Henry VIII and Elizabeth I, initiated religious reform from the top down in an effort to exercise greater control over religious life and morality.
    ​
  • New monarchies laid the foundation for the centralized modern state by establishing monopolies on tax collection, employing military force, dispensing justice, and gaining the right to determine the religion of their subjects. 

Hapsburg Spain

Picture
Picture
Picture
El Escorial, Madrid, Spain (1563)
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Hey, girl.  Charles II of Spain was "short, lame, epileptic, senile, and completely bald before 35." The physician who performed his autopsy stated that his body "did not contain a single drop of blood; his heart was the size of a peppercorn; his lungs corroded; his intestines rotten and gangrenous; he had a single testicle, black as coal, and his head was full of water." (Morale of the story: don't marry your cousin.)
​
  • Charles I (aka Charles V)
  • Philip II 
  • El Escorial
  • El Siglo de Oro
  • Ignatius de Loyola
  • Jesuits
  • El Greco (View of Toledo, Fifth Seal)
  • Diego Velasquez (Las Meninas)
  • Miguel de Cervantes (Don Quixote)
  • Lope de Vega
  • Spanish state bankruptcies
  • ​Pedro Calderon de la Barca
  • St. Teresa of Avila
  • Juana Ines de la Cruz
  • Catalina de Erauso
  • Ana Caro de Mallén
  • Dutch Revolt
  • Spanish Armada
  • battle of Lepanto
  • Moriscos
  • Union of Arms
  • Pau Claris
  • Catalan Revolt
  • Catalan Republic
  • Charles II

Elizabethan England

Picture
Portrait of Elizabeth commemorating the defeat of the Spanish Armada (1588). Elizabeth's hand rests on the globe, symbolizing her international power.
Picture
Picture
Picture
William the Conqueror ordered construction of the Tower of London as a new seat of royal power following the Norman conquest of England in 1066. By Elizabeth's reign, it was primarily used as a notorious royal prison. All English and British kings and queens since the 11th century have been crowned at Westminster Abbey. At least 16 monarchs and eight prime ministers are buried there.
  • Elizabeth I
  • Francis Walsingham
  • William Cecil
  • English Religious Settlement
  • Acts of Supremacy
  • Act of Uniformity
  • Mary, Queen of Scots
  • Francis Drake
  • Spanish Armada
  • Walter Raleigh
  • William Shakespeare (Hamlet)
  • Christopher Marlowe (Doctor Faustus)
Hapsburg Spain and Elizabethan England Quizlet

The Swedish Golden Age

Objective: ​​Explain the causes and effects of the development of political institutions from 1450 to 1648.
Picture
Picture
Christina, Queen of Sweden, with her deep interest in art, religion, philosophy, mathematics and alchemy, made Stockholm a great center of learning. Either lesbian or gender fluid and rejecting traditional marriage, she has become an icon of the LGBTQ community. In 1654, she converted to Catholicism, abdicated her throne, and moved to Rome where she lived as a guest of several Counter-Reformation popes.
Picture
Tre Kronor Castle in Stockholm, Sweden
  • The struggle for sovereignty within and among states resulted in varying degrees of political centralization.
    ​
  • The new concept of the sovereign state and secular systems of law played a central role in the creation of new political institutions.
  • ​Hanseatic League
  • Kalmar Union
  • Christian II of Denmark
  • Stockholm Bloodbath
  • Gustav Vasa I
  • Gustavus Adolphus
  • Axel Oxenstierna
  • Swedish colonies
  • Christina I
  • Charles XII
  • Great Northern War

Commonwealth of Poland-Lithuania

Objective: ​​Explain the causes and effects of the development of political institutions from 1450 to 1648.
Picture
Picture
Union of Lublin (1569). Painting by Jan Matejko, 1869
  • The struggle for sovereignty within and among states resulted in varying degrees of political centralization.
    ​
  • The new concept of the sovereign state and secular systems of law played a central role in the creation of new political institutions.
  • ​Jagiellonian dynasty
  • Wladyslaw II Jagiello
  • Treaty of Lublin
  • Warsaw Confederation religious toleration
  • Sejm
  • szlachta 
  • John III Sobieski ​

Tsardom of Russia

Objective: ​​Explain the causes and effects of the development of political institutions from 1450 to 1648.
Picture
St. Basil’s Cathedral, Moscow, Russia
Picture
Picture
This painting by Apollinary Vasnetsov depicts panicked people flee the Oprichnina.

​Russian aristocracy and notables dressed in 17th-century style costumes for a 1903 grand ball dedicated to the 290th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty; colorization by Russian artist Olga Shirnina
  • The struggle for sovereignty within and among states resulted in varying degrees of political centralization.
    ​
  • The new concept of the sovereign state and secular systems of law played a central role in the creation of new political institutions.
  • ​Third Rome
  • Rurik dynasty
  • Grand Prince Ivan III the Great of Moscow
  • Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible
  • Oprichnina
  • boyars
  • Sack of Novgorod
  • Time of Troubles
  • Michael Romanov
  • Romanov dynasty
  • ​Saint Basil's Cathedral
  • ​Siberia
  • Cossacks
  • Old Believers

The Ottoman Empire

Objective: ​​Explain the causes and effects of the development of political institutions from 1450 to 1648.
Picture
Süleymaniye Mosque, Istanbul
Picture
Picture
Janissaries battling the Knights Hospitaller during the Siege of Rhodes in 1522.

  • The struggle for sovereignty within and among states resulted in varying degrees of political centralization.
  • gunpowder empires
  • Ottoman empire
  • Osman Bey
  • ghazi
  • sultan
  • vizier
  • ​millets
  • devshirme
  • Janissaries
  • Mehmed II, the Conqueror
  • Conquest of Constantinople
  • Suleiman the Magnificent
  • siege of Belgrade
  • Ottoman-French alliance
  • battle of Mohacs
  • first siege of Vienna
  • Khayr al-Din Barbarossa Pasha
  • Ottoman Golden Age
  • Hagia Sophia
  • Topkapi Palace
  • Süleymaniye Mosque
  • Ottoman coffeehouses
  • battle of Lepanto
  • second siege of Vienna
Sweden, Poland, Russia, and the Ottoman Empire Quizlet
The Swedish Golden Age, Commonwealth of Poland-Lithuania,
Tsardom of Russia, and the Ottoman Empire, c. 1450-1648
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Barron's AP European History Flashcards, Second Edition​

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  • acc. PHILLIPS
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