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  • acc. PHILLIPS
  • America
    • Introduction
      • Course Overview
      • Policies
      • Essential Documents
    • 1492-1754
      • Colonization
    • 1754-1848
      • Revolution
      • Constitution
      • Expansion
    • 1848-1898
      • The Civil War
      • The Gilded Age
    • 1898-1945
      • The American Empire
      • The Great Depression
      • The Second World War
    • 1945-1991
      • The Early Cold War
      • The Great Society
      • The Late Cold War
    • 1991-Today
      • The Culture Wars
      • The War on Terror
  • Europe
    • Introduction
    • 1200-1450
    • 1450-1648
      • Renaissance
      • Reformation
      • Exploration
      • Links
      • Assignments
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
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        • Assorted Videos
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Global Empires,
​c. 1750-1900

Imperialism​

c. 1750-1900

Picture

Contents


Imperialism, c. 1750-1900:
  • Objectives
  • The Civilizing Mission
  • The New Imperialism
    • Africa
    • Asia
  • ​American States
    • ​Canadian and American Expansion
    • ​Latin American States
  • Migration
  • Modernization 
    • in the Late Ottoman Empire
    • in Late Romanov Russia
    • in Late Qing China
    • in Meiji Japan

Objectives

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  • ​​Explain how ideologies contributed to the development of imperialism from 1750 to 1900.

  • ​​​Compare processes by which state power shifted in various parts of the world from 1750 to 1900.
    ​
  • ​​​Explain how and why internal and external factors have influenced the process of state building from 1750 to 1900.

  • ​​​​Explain the causes and effects of economic strategies of different states and empires.

  • Explain how various environmental and economic factors contributed to the development of the global economy from 1750 to 1900.
    ​
  • ​​​Explain how various environmental and economic factors contributed to the development of varied patterns of migration from 1750 to 1900.
    ​​
  • ​​​Explain how and why new patterns of migration affected society from 1750 to 1900.

​The Civilizing Mission

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The British Empire was the global hegemonic power during Queen Victoria's reign (1837-1901).
​From Travels in the Interior Districts of Africa (1799) by Mungo Park
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​​A range of cultural, religious, and racial ideologies were used to justify imperialism, including Social Darwinism, nationalism, the concept of the civilizing mission, and the desire to religiously convert indigenous populations.
audio pronunciation guide:
  • New Imperialism
  • direct colony
  • indirect colony
  • settlement colonies
  • protectorate
  • spheres of influence
  • tropical dependencies
  • quinine
  • ​Pierre Pelletier and Joseph Caventou
  • cinchona trees
  • Walter Reed
  • Jean-Jacques Rousseau 
  • noble savages
  • paternalism
  • assimilation​
  • mission civilisatrice
  • Christian missionaries
  • Mungo Park - Travels in the Interior Districts of Africa
  • ​​David Livingstone
  • Origin of Species
  • Social Darwinism
  • Racial Darwinism
  • scientific racism
  • human zoos
  • Rudyard Kipling 
  • "White Man's Burden"
  • Orientalists​​
  • ​capitulations
  • geopolitics
  • Weltpolitik
  • gunboat diplomacy
  • Claude-Étienne Minié
  • Maxim machine gun
  • Dum Dum expanding bullet
  • HMS Dreadnought
  • Krupp Big Bertha howitzer cannon
  • “The sun never sets”
Article: How colonial powers presented people in 'human zoos'
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John Bull (Great Britain) and Uncle Sam (U.S.) bear "The White Man's Burden (Apologies to Rudyard Kipling)", by lifting non-Western peoples upward towards civilization. (Victor Gillam, Judge magazine, 1 April 1899)
The Civilizing Mission
The Civilizing Mission

The New Imperialism

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  • ​​​Some states with existing colonies strengthened their control over those colonies and in some cases assumed direct control over colonies previously held by non-state entities.

  • European states as well as the United States and Japan acquired territories throughout Asia and the Pacific, while Spanish and Portuguese influence declined.

  • Many European states used both warfare and diplomacy to expand their empires in Africa.
    ​
  • Trade in some commodities was organized in a way that gave merchants and companies based in Europe and the U.S. a distinct economic advantage.
    ​
  • ​​The need for raw materials for factories and increased food supplies for the growing population in urban centers led to the growth of export economies around the world that specialized in commercial extraction of natural resources and the production of food and industrial crops. The profits from these raw materials were used to purchase finished goods.
    ​
  • ​​​Increasing questions about political authority and growing nationalism contributed to anti-colonial movements.

  • Anti-imperial resistance took various forms, including direct resistance within empires and the creation of new states on the peripheries.
    ​
  • Increasing discontent with imperial rule led to rebellions, some of which were influenced by religious ideas.

New Imperialism in Africa

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Edward Linley Sambourne depicted British imperialist Cecil Rhodes as ‘The Rhodes Colossus’ in a Punch cartoon of 1892.
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When famed Scottish missionary David Livingstone disappeared, Henry Morton Stanley tracked him into the African interior. He later sought the source of the Nile and established Congo Free State for Leopold II of Belgium.
Article: The Battles of Isandlwana and Rorke’s Drift
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audio pronunciation guide:
  • scramble for Africa
  • Berlin West Africa Conference
  • Maxim machine gun
  • David Livingstone
  • Henry Morton Stanley
  • ​Richard Burton
  • John Speke
  • Frederick D. Lugard - The Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa
  • Suez Canal
  • Veiled Protectorate
  • Leopold II of Belgium
  • Congo Free State
  • Boers
  • Zulu kingdom
  • Great Trek
  • Cecil Rhodes
  • Mahdist Revolt
  • Muhammad Ahmad
  • Mahdi
  • siege of ​Khartoum
  • Charles Gordon
  • Khalifa Abdallahi
  • battle of Omdurman
  • Fashoda Incident
  • Anglo-Zulu War
  • battle of Isandhlwana​
  • South African Boer War
  • Paul Kruger
  • ​Union of South Africa
  • First Italo-Ethiopian War
  • Menelik II
  • battle of Adwa
  • Herero and Nama genocide
  • ​​Maji Maji rebellion
Article: Abyssinia: The Only African Country to Avoid Colonialism
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Picture
Severed heads from victims of the Herero and Nama genocide were sent to Germany for race scientists to study.
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New Imperialism in Africa
New Imperialism in Africa

New Imperialism in Asia

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Millions starved during a series of late 19th century famines in British-controlled India when peasants were forced to grow cash crops instead of food.
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The British Lion warns the Russian Bear from attacking Afghanistan.   The British and Russians competed for influence in Central Asia.
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King Mongkut of Siam diplomatically preserved Thailand's independence from both Britain and France.
audio pronunciation guide:
  • Mataram Sultanate
  • ​Dutch East Indies
  • ​British East India Company
  • sepoys
  • nabobs
  • battle of Plassey
  • Robert Clive
  • Presidencies
  • Princely States
  • doctrine of lapse
  • Charles Cornwallis
  • Ram Mohan Roy
  • Sepoy Mutiny
  • Muhammad Bahadur Shah
  • British Raj
  • Suez Canal
  • Indian famines
  • Indian National Congress
  • Allan Hume
  • Dadabhai Naoroji
  • Bal Gangadhar Tilak
  • swaraj
  • Muslim League
  • ​Stamford Raffles
  • Singapore
  • French Indochina
  • Mongkut of Siam
  • Opium War
  • Treaty of Nanking
  • Open Door Policy
  • ​Boxer Rebellion
  • “Sick Man of Europe”
  • Great Game
  • Anglo-Persian Oil Company
Article: Indian Princely States
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Article: This Is How Europe Conquered Asia
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Article: First Anglo-Afghan War
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Picture
Article: ​How the British East India Company managed to colonise India for nearly 200 years
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Article: Fall of the East India Company
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Article: ​How the East India Company became a weapon to challenge UK’s colonial past
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The New Imperialism.pdf from Dave Phillips
New Imperialism in Asia
New Imperialism in Asia

The Americas

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Canadian and American Expansion

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Picture
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Columbia, representing the United States, leads Americans west carrying the values of republicanism and progress and clearing native peoples. 
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At 228 ft. tall, Stoney Creek Bridge on the the Canadian Pacific Railway, built in 1885, was the tallest wooden bridge in the world.
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  • ​European states as well as the United States and Japan acquired territories throughout Asia and the Pacific, while Spanish and Portuguese influence declined.​

  • The United States, Russia, and Japan expanded their land holdings by conquering and settling neighboring territories.
    ​
  • ​​​Industrialized states and businesses within those states practiced economic imperialism primarily in Asia and Latin America.
    ​
  • ​Trade in some commodities was organized in a way that gave merchants and companies based in Europe and the U.S. a distinct economic advantage.
audio pronunciation guide:
  • ​Durham Report
  • British North America Act of 1867
  • Dominion of Canada
  • John A. MacDonald
  • National Policy
  • Canadian Pacific Railway
  • Louis Riel
  • métis
  • Northwest Rebellion
  • Louisiana Purchase
  • Lewis and Clark Expedition
  • War of 1812
  • ​​​Monroe Doctrine
  • American System
  • Erie Canal
  • Indian ​reservation system
  • ​Indian Removal Act of 1830
  • Trail of Tears
  • Oregon Trail
  • annexation of Texas
  • Manifest Destiny
  • Mexican-American War
  • Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
  • California Gold Rush
  • Wilmot Proviso
  • Homestead Act
  • Reconstruction
  • Seward's Folly
  • Transcontinental Railroad
  • battle of Little Big Horn
  • Carlisle Indian Industrial School
  • Helen Hunt Jackson’s Century of Dishonor
  • Wounded Knee Massacre
  • Spanish-American War
  • Emilio Aguinaldo
  • annexation of Hawaii
  • Queen Lili’uokalani
  • Roosevelt Corollary
  • Big Stick Diplomacy
  • Banana Wars
  • ​Smedley Butler
  • “Colossus of the North”
  • Panama Canal
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U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt (in cartoon above and seated in the steam shovel below) was the driving force behind construction of the Panama Canal.
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Picture
Canadian and American Expansion
Canadian and American Expansion

Latin American States

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​Agustin de Iturbide, Emperor of Mexico​
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U.S. occupation of Mexico City during the ​Mexican-American War
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Argentine gaucho
audio pronunciation guide:
  • caudillos
  • centralists
  • federalists
  • machismo
  • ​Agustin de Iturbide
  • ​Antonio Lopez Santa Anna
  • Mexican-American War
  • Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
  • La Reforma
  • Mexican Constitution of 1857
  • French Intervention
  • battle of Puebla
  • Maximilian von Habsburg
  • Benito Juarez
  • Porfirio Diaz
  • cientificos
  • positivism
  • José Martí
  • Spanish-American War
  • Brazilian Empire
  • Pedro II of Brazil
  • fazendas
  • Antonio Conselheiro
  • Argentine Civil Wars
  • Buenos Aires
  • Juan Manuel de Rosas
  • gauchos
  • pampas
  • Argentine Republic
  • War of the Triple Alliance
  • Domingo Faustino Sarmiento
  • Jose Hernandez - The Gaucho Martin Fierro
  • Andres de Santa Cruz
  • Adela Zamudio
  • Great Latin American Boom
  • guano
  • golondrinas
  • Banana Republics
  • Panama Canal
Article: Francisco Solano Lopez: Who Was This South American Napoleon?
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Picture
Brazilian battleship Minas Gerais and crew, c. 1909
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Picture
Picture
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, c. 1900
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Buenos Aires, Argentina, 1910
Latin American States
Latin American States

Migration

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European immigrants to the United States at Ellis Island, c. 1900
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Australian mounted police fighting Aborigines, 1838
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Chinatown neighborhood of San Francisco, California, c. 1907-1914
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1886 advertisement depicting the U.S. Chinese Exclusion Act. The text reads "THE CHINESE MUST GO. We have no use for them since we got this WONDERFUL WASHER." Many Chinese immigrants ran laundries.
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Indian coolies in the Caribbean, c. 1890
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Māori King ​Tāwhiao, c. 1894
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  • Europeans established settler colonies in some parts of their empires.
    ​
  • Migration in many cases was influenced by changes in demographics in both industrialized and unindustrialized societies that presented challenges to existing patterns of living.

  • Because of the nature of new modes of transportation, both internal and external migrants increasingly relocated to cities. This pattern contributed to the significant global urbanization of the 19th century. The new methods of transportation also allowed for many migrants to return, periodically or permanently, to their home societies.

  • ​Many individuals chose freely to relocate, often in search of work.

  • The new global capitalist economy continued to rely on coerced and semi-coerced labor migration, including slavery, Chinese and Indian indentured servitude, and convict labor.

  • ​​​Migrants tended to be male, leaving women to take on new roles in the home society that had been formerly occupied by men.

  • Migrants often created ethnic enclaves in different parts of the world that helped transplant their culture into new environments.
    ​
  • Receiving societies did not always embrace immigrants, as seen in the various degrees of ethnic and racial prejudice and the ways states attempted to regulate the increased flow of people across their borders.
audio pronunciation guide:
  • settler colonies
  • White Dominions
  • white racial supremacy
  • terra nullius
  • Australia
  • penal colony
  • New Zealand
  • Maori
  • James Cook
  • Aborigines
  • Black War​​
  • Treaty of Waitangi
  • New Zealand Wars
  • Kingitanga
  • ​copra
  • Khoikhoi
  • Xhosa
  • Boer Republics
  • Natal
  • Cecil Rhodes
  • South African Boer War
  • Herero and Nama Genocide
  • ​Irish Potato Famine
  • Ellis Island
  • Angel Island
  • ​San Francisco Chinatown
  • Fraser River gold rush
  • Melting Pot Theory
  • Nativism
  • Chinese Exclusion Act
  • Gentlemen’s Agreement
  • Indian indentured labor
  • coolie
Migration
Migration

Modernization

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  • As new methods of industrial production became more common in parts of northwestern Europe, they spread to other parts of Europe and the United States, Russia, and Japan.
    ​
  • The expansion of U.S. and European influence in Asia led to internal reform in Japan that supported industrialization and led to the growing regional power of Japan in the Meiji Era.
    ​
  • In response to the expansion of industrializing states, some governments in Asia and Africa, including the Ottoman Empire and Qing China, sought to reform and modernize their economies and militaries. Reform efforts were often resisted by some members of government or established elite groups.

Modernization in the Late Ottoman Empire

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Picture
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Muhammad Ali by Auguste Couder, ​1841
audio pronunciation guide:
  • ​sick man of Europe
  • capitulations
  • ​ayan
  • Selim III
  • Murad Bey
  • Muhammad Ali
  • khedives
  • Mahmud II
  • Auspicious Incident
  • Tanzimat reforms
  • Young Ottomans
  • Abdul Hamid II
  • Ottoman Society for Union and Progress
  • Isma'il Pasha the Magnificent
  • Suez Canal
  • Ahmad Arabi
  • Murad V
  • Jamal al-Din al-Afghani
  • Muhammad Abduh
  • Muhammad Ahmad
  • Mahdi
  • Khalifa Abdallahi
  • Young Turk Revolution
  • Three Pashas
  • Mehmed V
  • Mehmed VI Rashid
Article: Sick Man of Europe: The Decline of the Ottoman Empire
Picture
Picture
Lithograph celebrating the 1876 Constitution: Sultan Abdul Hamid II grants freedom to an idealized female figure representing Turkey, whose chains are being smashed. The flying angel displays a banner with the motto of the French Revolution: Liberty, Equality, Fraternity. 
Modernization in the Late Ottoman Empire
Modernization in the Late Ottoman Empire

Modernization in Late Romanov Russia

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In 1909-1912, Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii took color photographs of the Russian Empire on the eve of World War I. His subjects ranged from the medieval churches and monasteries of old Russia, to the railroads and factories of an emerging industrial power, to the daily life and work of Russia's diverse population.
Russian aristocracy and notables dressed in 17th-century style costumes for a 1903 grand ball dedicated to the 290th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty; colorization by Russian artist Olga Shirnina
Article: The Crimean War: How It Reshaped Geopolitics
Picture
audio pronunciation guide:
  • Holy Alliance
  • Decembrist uprising
  • Nicholas I
  • Crimean War
  • Alexander II
  • Emancipation Manifesto
  • redemption payments
  • mir
  • zemstvos
  • Russification
  • Circassian genocide
  • sale of Alaska
  • Trans-Siberian railroad
  • Vladivostok
  • intelligentsia
  • Land and Freedom Party
  • The People's Will
  • Sergei Witte
  • Nicholas II
  • Russo-Japanese War
  • battle of Tsushima Strait
  • Revolution of 1905
  • Bloody Sunday
  • Duma
  • Stolypin reforms
  • kulaks
  • Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov
  • Bolsheviks
  • Marxism-Leninism
Modernization in Late Romanov Russia
Modernization in Late Romanov Russia

Modernization in Late Qing China

Picture
Picture
French political cartoon, China – the cake of Kings and Emperors, showing Britain, Germany, Russia, France and Japan dividing China
Picture
Empress Dowager Cixi
​Article: Britain Vs. China: The Opium Wars Explained
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Article: The Taiping Rebellion: The Bloodiest Civil War You’ve Never Heard of
Picture
audio pronunciation guide:
  • ​Nurhaci
  • banner armies
  • Qing dynasty
  • Kangxi
  • Qianlong emperor
  • cohong
  • compradors
  • Opium War
  • Lin Zexu
  • Nemesis
  • Treaty of Nanjing
  • unequal treaties
  • Century of Humiliation
  • extraterritoriality
  • Taiping Rebellion
  • ​Hong Xiuquan
  • Nian rebellion
  • Panthay rebellion
  • Tungan rebellion
  • Zeng Guofan
  • self-strengthening movement
  • Guangxu
  • Hundred Days reforms
  • Kang Youwei
  • Liang Qichao
  • Cixi
  • Open Door Policy
  • Boxer Rebellion
  • Sun Yat-sen
  • ​Puyi
Picture
Portrait of the Guangxu Emperor in his study
​Article: Empress Dowager Cixi: Rightly Condemned or Wrongly Discredited?
Picture
Picture
illustration of the Boxer Rebellion
Modernization in Late Qing China
Modernization in Late Qing China

Modernization in Meiji Japan

Picture
street scene in Meiji era Japan
Picture
Picture
Japanese woodblock print of Matthew Perry and other high-ranking American seamen, 1854
Picture
​Japanese soldiers beheading Chinese prisoners during the Sino-Japanese War, 1894
audio pronunciation guide:
  • Tokugawa bakufu
  • Closed Country Policy
  • Rangaku (Dutch Learning)
  • terakoya
  • ukiyo (floating worlds)
  • ​​Mizuno Tadakuni
  • Matthew Perry
  • Treaty of Kanagawa
  • Revere the Emperor, expel the Barbarians
  • Mutsuhito
  • ​​Meiji Restoration
  • Iwakura Mission
  • Fukuzawa Yukichi
  • Satsuma rebellion
  • Chichibu uprising
  • Japanese Diet
  • Ito Hirobumi
  • zaibatsu
  • Sino-Japanese War
  • Anglo-Japanese alliance
  • Russo-Japanese War
  • ​battle of Tsushima Straits
  • Yellow Peril
  • Japan-Korea Treaty 
Picture
Iwakura Mission to America and Europe by Yamaguchi Hōshun. The SS America in the background is the steamship that transported the group.
Picture
Picture
Picture
Japan shocked the world by sinking the Russian navy and winning the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905).
Modernization in Meiji Japan
Modernization in Meiji Japan
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  • acc. PHILLIPS
  • America
    • Introduction
      • Course Overview
      • Policies
      • Essential Documents
    • 1492-1754
      • Colonization
    • 1754-1848
      • Revolution
      • Constitution
      • Expansion
    • 1848-1898
      • The Civil War
      • The Gilded Age
    • 1898-1945
      • The American Empire
      • The Great Depression
      • The Second World War
    • 1945-1991
      • The Early Cold War
      • The Great Society
      • The Late Cold War
    • 1991-Today
      • The Culture Wars
      • The War on Terror
  • Europe
    • Introduction
    • 1200-1450
    • 1450-1648
      • Renaissance
      • Reformation
      • Exploration
      • Links
      • Assignments
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Rick Steves Videos
        • Assorted Videos
      • Slideshows
    • 1648-1815
      • Sovereignty
      • Commerce
      • Reason
      • Revolution
      • Links
      • Readings and Assignments
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Assorted Videos
      • Slideshows
    • 1815-1914
      • Industry
      • Ideology
      • Empire
      • Modernity
      • Links
      • Readings and Assignments
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Assorted Videos
      • Slideshows
    • 1914-Today
      • WWI
      • WWII
      • Cold War
      • EU
      • Links
      • Assignments and Readings
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Assorted Videos
      • Slideshows
  • World
    • Ancient
    • Modern
      • Introduction
        • Course Overview
        • Policies
        • Essential Documents
        • Exam
      • 1200-1450
        • Asia
        • Africa
        • Europe
        • Americas
        • Trade
      • 1450-1750
        • Discovery
        • Maritime Empires
        • Land Empires
      • 1750-1900
        • Revolutions
        • Industrialization
        • Imperialism
      • 1900-Today
        • World Wars
        • Postwar World
        • Globalization
  • Research
  • Resources
  • About
  • Contact