acc. PHILLIPS
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  • America
    • Introduction
      • Course Overview
      • Policies
      • Essential Documents
    • 1492-1754
      • Colonization
    • 1754-1848
      • Revolution
      • Constitution
      • Expansion
    • 1848-1898
      • The Civil War
      • The Gilded Age
    • 1898-1945
      • The American Empire
      • The Great Depression
      • The Second World War
    • 1945-1991
      • The Early Cold War
      • The Great Society
      • The Late Cold War
    • 1991-Today
      • The Culture Wars
      • The War on Terror
  • Europe
    • Introduction
    • 1200-1450
    • 1450-1648
      • Renaissance
      • Reformation
      • Exploration
      • Links
      • Assignments
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Rick Steves Videos
        • Assorted Videos
      • Slideshows
    • 1648-1815
      • Sovereignty
      • Commerce
      • Reason
      • Revolution
      • Links
      • Readings and Assignments
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Assorted Videos
      • Slideshows
    • 1815-1914
      • Industry
      • Ideology
      • Empire
      • Modernity
      • Links
      • Readings and Assignments
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Assorted Videos
      • Slideshows
    • 1914-Today
      • WWI
      • WWII
      • Cold War
      • EU
      • Links
      • Assignments and Readings
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Assorted Videos
      • Slideshows
  • World
    • Ancient
    • Modern
      • Introduction
        • Course Overview
        • Policies
        • Essential Documents
        • Exam
      • 1200-1450
        • Asia
        • Africa
        • Europe
        • Americas
        • Trade
      • 1450-1750
        • Discovery
        • Maritime Empires
        • Land Empires
      • 1750-1900
        • Revolutions
        • Industrialization
        • Imperialism
      • 1900-Today
        • World Wars
        • Postwar World
        • Globalization
  • Research
  • Resources
  • About
  • Contact
  • acc. PHILLIPS
  • America
    • Introduction
      • Course Overview
      • Policies
      • Essential Documents
    • 1492-1754
      • Colonization
    • 1754-1848
      • Revolution
      • Constitution
      • Expansion
    • 1848-1898
      • The Civil War
      • The Gilded Age
    • 1898-1945
      • The American Empire
      • The Great Depression
      • The Second World War
    • 1945-1991
      • The Early Cold War
      • The Great Society
      • The Late Cold War
    • 1991-Today
      • The Culture Wars
      • The War on Terror
  • Europe
    • Introduction
    • 1200-1450
    • 1450-1648
      • Renaissance
      • Reformation
      • Exploration
      • Links
      • Assignments
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Rick Steves Videos
        • Assorted Videos
      • Slideshows
    • 1648-1815
      • Sovereignty
      • Commerce
      • Reason
      • Revolution
      • Links
      • Readings and Assignments
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Assorted Videos
      • Slideshows
    • 1815-1914
      • Industry
      • Ideology
      • Empire
      • Modernity
      • Links
      • Readings and Assignments
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Assorted Videos
      • Slideshows
    • 1914-Today
      • WWI
      • WWII
      • Cold War
      • EU
      • Links
      • Assignments and Readings
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Assorted Videos
      • Slideshows
  • World
    • Ancient
    • Modern
      • Introduction
        • Course Overview
        • Policies
        • Essential Documents
        • Exam
      • 1200-1450
        • Asia
        • Africa
        • Europe
        • Americas
        • Trade
      • 1450-1750
        • Discovery
        • Maritime Empires
        • Land Empires
      • 1750-1900
        • Revolutions
        • Industrialization
        • Imperialism
      • 1900-Today
        • World Wars
        • Postwar World
        • Globalization
  • Research
  • Resources
  • About
  • Contact

Empire,
c. 1815-1914 CE

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The Great Powers militarized their societies and built up army and naval forces to unprecedented levels (fed by industrial and technological advances), while at the same time developing elaborate plans for the next war. 

Empire,

c. 1815-1914 CE

The Crimean War (1853–1856), prompted by the decline of the Ottoman Empire, shattered the Concert of Europe established in 1815 and opened the door for the unifications of Italy and Germany. Using the methods of Realpolitik, Cavour in Italy and Bismarck in Germany succeeded in unifying their nations after centuries of disunity. Their policies of war, diplomatic intrigue, and, in Bismarck’s instance, manipulation of democratic mechanisms created states with the potential for upsetting the balance of power, particularly in the case of Germany. Following the Crimean War, Russia undertook a series of internal reforms aimed at achieving industrial modernization. The reforms succeeded in establishing an industrial economy and emboldened Russia’s aspirations in the Balkans. They also led to an active revolutionary movement, which employed political violence and assassinations and was one of the driving forces behind the 1905 Russian Revolution.
 
After the new German Emperor Wilhelm II dismissed Chancellor Bismarck in 1890, Germany’s diplomatic approach altered significantly, leading to a shift in the alliance system and increased tensions in European diplomacy. Imperial antagonisms, growing nationalism, militarism, and other factors resulted in the development of a rigid system of alliances. The Great Powers militarized their societies and built up army and naval forces to unprecedented levels (fed by industrial and technological advances), while at the same time developing elaborate plans for the next war. 


The European imperial outreach of the 19th century was in some ways a continuation of three centuries of colonization, but it also resulted from the economic pressures and necessities of a maturing industrial economy. The new technologies and imperatives of the second industrial revolution (1870–1914) led many European nations to view overseas territories as sources of raw materials and consumer markets.
 
While European colonial empires in the Western Hemisphere diminished in size over this period as former colonies gained independence, the region remained dependent on Europe as a source of capital and technological expertise and was a market for European-made goods. European powers also became increasingly dominant in Eastern and Southern Asia in the early 19th century, and a combination of forces created the conditions for a new wave of imperialism there and in Africa later in the century. Moreover, European national rivalries accelerated the expansion of colonialism as governments recognized that actual control of these societies offered economic and strategic advantages.
By 1914, most of Africa and Asia were under the domination of Great Britain, France, Portugal, Germany, Belgium, and the Netherlands. ​

Notions of global destiny and racial superiority fed the drive for empire, and innovations such as antimalarial drugs, machine guns, and gunboats made it feasible. Non-European societies without these modern advantages could not effectively resist European imperial momentum. The “new imperialism” of the late 19th and early 20th centuries was promoted in European nations by interest groups that included politicians, military officials and soldiers, missionaries, explorers, journalists, and intellectuals. As an example of a new complex phase of imperial diplomacy, the Berlin Conference in 1884–1885 outlined the procedures that Europeans should use in the partition of the African continent.
 
By 1914, most of Africa and Asia were under the domination of Great Britain, France, Portugal, Germany, Belgium, and the Netherlands. Notwithstanding the power of colonial administrations, some groups in the colonial societies resisted European imperialism, and by 1914, anti-colonial movements had taken root within the non-European world and in Europe itself. Imperialism exposed Europeans to foreign societies and introduced “exotic” influences into European art and culture. At the same time, millions of Europeans carried their culture abroad, to the Americas and elsewhere, through emigration, and helped to create a variety of mixed cultures around the world.

​The long-anticipated war finally came in the summer of 1914. The assassination of the heir to the Austrian throne in Sarajevo forced the political leaders of the Great Powers, locked in the rigid structure of the Triple Entente versus the Triple Alliance, to implement war plans that virtually required the escalation of hostilities. The ensuing Great War revealed the flaws 
in the diplomatic order established after the unifications of Germany and Italy, but more importantly, it produced an even more challenging diplomatic situation than that faced by the diplomats in 1814–1815.
​
Source: https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/pdf/ap-european-history-course-and-exam-description.pdf

Collapse of the Concert of Europe

Objectives:
  1. Explain the motivations that led to European imperialism in the period from 1815 to 1914.
  2. ​Explain how nationalist sentiment and political alliances led to tension between and among European powers from 1815 to 1914.
  3. Explain how the development and spread of nationalism affected Europe from 1815 to 1914.
  4. Explain the factors that resulted in Italian unification and German unification.
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Pax Britannica

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The British Empire was the global hegemonic power during Queen Victoria's reign (1837-1901). ​​A range of cultural, religious, and racial ideologies were used to justify imperialism, including Social Darwinism, nationalism, the concept of the civilizing mission, and the desire to religiously convert indigenous populations.
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  • European nations were driven by economic, political, and cultural motivations in their new imperial ventures in Asia and Africa. 

  • European national rivalries and strategic concerns fostered imperial expansion and competition for colonies. 
  • Pax Britannica
  • ​geopolitics
  • ​civilizing mission
  • Christian missionaries
  • gunboat diplomacy
  • direct colony
  • indirect colony
  • James Cook
  • settlement colonies
  • white racial supremacy
  • terra nullius
  • White Dominions
  • penal colony
  • Australia
  • First Fleet
  • New Zealand
  • Black War
  • protectorate
  • spheres of influence
  • tropical dependencies
  • the sun never sets
  • Sepoy Mutiny
  • jewel in the crown
  • from Cape to Cairo
  • dominions
  • Opium Wars
  • the Great Game 
  • ​Diamond Jubilee

The Crimean War

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Florence Nightingale, the "Lady with the Lamp" established modern nursing practices during the Crimean War at a time when disease killed more soldiers than combat.
  • The Crimean War demonstrated the weakness of the Ottoman Empire and contributed to the breakdown of the Concert of Europe, thereby creating the conditions in which Italy and Germany could be unified after centuries of fragmentation. 
  • sick man of Europe
  • siege of Sevastopol
  • Alfred Tennyson (Charge of the Light Brigade)
  • Florence Nightingale
  • Alexander II
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Sergeant William McGregor of the Scot’s Guards wearing his Crimean whiskers and medal (1856)
The Crimean War was the first conflict to be photographed. Roger Fenton took 360 photographs in 1855 under difficult conditions. While these photographs document some of the participants and the landscape of the war, there are no actual combat scenes, nor are there any scenes of devastation.
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The Second French Empire and Third Republic

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  • A new generation of conservative leaders, including Napoleon III, Cavour, and Bismarck, used popular nationalism to create or strengthen the state. 
  • Napoleon III
  • Second French Empire
  • French West Africa
  • French Indochina
  • French invasion of Mexico
  • Liberal Empire
  • Franco-Prussian War
  • battle of Sedan
  • Paris Commune
  • Communards
  • Third French Republic
  • Boulanger Affair
  • Panama Canal Affair
  • Dreyfus Affair
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The Second French Empire collapsed when Napoleon III was taken prisoner during the Franco-Prussian War. Here he meets with Otto von Bismarck after his capture.

The Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary

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Franz Josef of Austria-Hungary ​(r. 1848–1916) was the last great Hapsburg emperor.  Loyalty to his throne was the only thing that held together the multi-ethnic conglomeration that was the late Austro-Hungarian Empire.
  • The creation of the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary, which recognized the political power of the largest ethnic minority, was an attempt to stabilize the state by reconfiguring national unity.
  • ​Franz Josef
  • Austro-Hungarian Compromise
  • Vienna Exhibition of 1873
  • stock market crash of 1873
  • annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina
  • Georg Schönerer
  • Pan-Germanism
  • Karl Lueger
  • ​Christian Socialism
  • anti-Semitism
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the ​World's Fair of 1873 was held in Vienna
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The Hungarian Parliament Building in Budapest, constructed in the Romantic neo-Gothic style, open in 1902. It remains the largest building in Hungary.
Collapse of the Concert of Europe

Unification

Objective: Explain the factors that resulted in Italian unification and German unification.​

Italian Unification

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The Victor Emmanuel II National Monument, or Vittoriano in Rome was built in honor of the first king of united Italy.
  • Cavour’s diplomatic strategies, combined with the popular Garibaldi’s military campaigns, led to the unification of Italy. 
  • Carbonari
  • Risorgimento
  • Giuseppe Mazzini
  • Young Italy
  • 1848 revolutions in Italy
  • Victor Emmanuel II
  • Camillo Cavour
  • Franco-Sardinian Alliance
  • Giuseppe Garibaldi
  • Red Shirts
  • Kingdom of Italy
  • ​trasformismo
  • Triple Alliance
  • battle of Adwa
  • Italo-Turkish War
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Giuseppe Garibaldi, flamboyant leader of the republican, nationalist Red Shirts, took control of the Kingdom of Naples and then turned his territories over to Victor Emmanuel II, King of Piedmont-Sardinia to unify most of Italy in 1861.
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Libya during Italo-Turkish War, 1914
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The Italo-Turkish War was the debut of aerial bombardment.

German Unification

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  • Bismarck used Realpolitik, employing diplomacy, industrialized warfare, weaponry, and the manipulation of democratic mechanisms to unify Germany. 
  • German Question
  • Volk
  • Pan-Germanism
  • Friedrich List
  • Zollverein custom union
  • Frankfurt Assembly
  • Otto von Bismarck
  • Blood and Iron Speech
  • Danish-Prussian War
  • North German Confederation
  • Austrian-Prussian War
  • Franco-Prussian War
  • Second German Reich
  • Wilhelm I
  • Alsace-Lorraine
  • Kulturkampf
  • Realpolitik
  • ​​Wilhelm II
  • Weltpolitik
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Prussian Chancellor Otto von Bismarck was the architect of German unification through blood and iron.
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France's humiliating defeat in the 1870-1871 Franco-Prussian War led to the unification of the German Empire, and set the stage for the First World War.
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Pan-Germanists sought German domination of Eastern Europe.
Unification of Italy and Germany

The Russian Empire and European Jews

Objectives:
  1. Explain how and why various groups reacted against the existing order from 1815 to 1914.
  2. Explain how the development and spread of nationalism affected Europe from 1815 to 1914.​

 Russian Modernization

​In 1909-1912, Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii took color photographs of the Russian Empire on the eve of World War I. His subjects ranged from the medieval churches and monasteries of old Russia, to the railroads and factories of an emerging industrial power, to the daily life and work of Russia's diverse population.
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  • In Russia, autocratic leaders pushed through a program of reform and modernization, including the emancipation of the serfs, which gave rise to revolutionary movements and eventually the Russian Revolution of 1905.
  • Crimean War
  • Alexander II
  • Emancipation Edict
  • redemption payments
  • mir
  • zemstvos
  • Polish January Uprising
  • Russification
  • Circassian genocide
  • sale of Alaska
  • intelligentsia
  • Land and Freedom Party
  • The People's Will
  • Alexander III
  • Sergei Witte
  • Trans-Siberian railroad
  • Nicholas II
  • Russo-Japanese War
  • Revolution of 1905
  • Bloody Sunday
  • Duma
  • Stolypin reforms
  • kulaks
  • Eastern Question
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After sailing 18,000 nautical miles to reach Japanese waters, the Russian fleet was destroyed at the battle of Tsushima. The route taken by the main fleet is shown in blue.
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Russia suffered a humiliating defeat during Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) prompting the Revolution of 1905.
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The Revolution of 1905 was prelude to the collapse of the Romanov regime during World War I.

Aryan Theory and Anti-Semitism

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Meyers Konversationslexikon (Leipzig, 1885–1890) shows the Caucasian race (in various shades of grayish blue-green) as comprising European Aryans, Indo-Aryans, Semites, and Hamites.
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In Gustave Doré's 1852 colored woodcut, "The Wandering Jew", Jews are depicted as a rootless people with no connection to "national soil.“  
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This 1910 cartoon from Vienna, "The biggest usurer in the world", shows a Jew with multiple faces and a dragon-like body with wings and a tail, sitting atop a globe exemplifying a popular conspiracy theory that Jewish financiers plotted for world domination.  
  • Nationalists encouraged loyalty to the nation in a variety of ways, including romantic idealism, liberal reform, political unification, racialism with a concomitant anti-Semitism, and chauvinism justifying national aggrandizement.
    ​
  • While during the 19th century western European Jews became more socially and politically acculturated, Zionism, a form of Jewish nationalism, developed late in the century as a response to growing anti-Semitism throughout Europe. 
  • Aryan theory
  • Anti-Semitism
  • Myth of the Wandering Jew
  • J.G. Herder
  • Richard Wagner (Judaism in Music)
  • scientific racism
  • Arthur de Gobineau (Inequality of Human Races)
  • Wilhelm Marr (Way to Victory of Germanicism)
  • Social Darwinism​
  • Édouard Drumont (La Libre Parole)
  • Antisemitic League of France
  • Dreyfus Affair
  • Theodor Herzl (Jewish State)
  • Zionism
  • Karl Lueger
  • Houston Stewart Chamberlain (Foundations of the 19th Century)
  • Rothschilds
  • Pale of Jewish Settlement
  • Protocols of the Elders of Zion
  • ​Russian pogroms
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The Russian Empire's Jewish population was restricted to living in the western Pale of Settlement, a region that was home to the majority of  Holocaust victims during World War II. 
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In the cartoon STOP YOUR CRUEL OPPRESSION OF THE JEWS (1904), a Russian Jew carries the burdens "Oppression," "Autocracy," "Robbery," "Cruelty," "Assassination," "Deception," and "Murder." In the background, a Jewish community burns, and in the upper left corner, U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt chides Tsar Nicholas II.
The Russian Empire and European Jews

The New Imperialism

Objectives:
  1. ​Explain how technological advances enabled European imperialism from 1815 to 1914.
  2. ​Explain the motivations that led to European imperialism in the period from 1815 to 1914.
  3. Explain how European imperialism affected both European and non-European societies.

19th–Century Military and Medical Advances

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Maxim machine guns could fire 600 rounds per minute while expanding Dum Dum bullets shattered bone and left gaping wounds.
  • The development of advanced weaponry ensured the military advantage of Europeans over colonized areas.

  • Communication and transportation technologies facilitated the creation and expansion of European empires.
    ​
  • Advances in medicine enabled European survival in Africa and Asia.
  • Johannes Müller (Elements of Physiology)
  • Friedrich Sertürner 
  • William Morton 
  • Louis Pasteur 
  • Joseph Lister 
  • quinine 
  • Patrick Manson 
  • Walter Reed
  • Robert Koch
  • Dreyse needle gun
  • Minié ball
  • Maxim machine gun
  • Dum Dum expanding bullet
  • Hague Convention
  • Big Bertha howitzer cannon
  • HMS Dreadnought
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The German Big Bertha howitzer could fire a 2000-pound shell up to nine miles.
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The HMS Dreadnought was a revolutionary British battleship that triggered a naval arms race with Germany.

Gunboat Diplomacy

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  • European nations were driven by economic, political, and cultural motivations in their new imperial ventures in Asia and Africa.
    ​
  • European national rivalries and strategic concerns fostered imperial expansion and competition for colonies.

  • The search for raw materials and markets for manufactured goods, as well as strategic and nationalistic considerations, drove Europeans to colonize Africa and Asia, even as European colonies in the Americas broke free politically, if not economically.

  • European imperialists justified overseas expansion and rule by claiming cultural and racial superiority.

  • Imperial endeavors significantly affected society, diplomacy, and culture in Europe and created resistance to foreign control abroad. 

  • Especially as non-Europeans became educated in Western values, they challenged European imperialism through nationalist movements and by modernizing local economies and societies.
  • Old Imperialism
  • ​New Imperialism
  • José Martí
  • Valeriano Weyler
  • Spanish–American War
  • gunboat diplomacy
  • battle of Manila Bay
  • blockade of Venezuela
  • Weltpolitik​​

Africa

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Cecil Rhodes aspired to unite a strong of British colonies "From Cape to Cairo."
  • ​scramble for Africa
  • French North Africa
  • French West Africa
  • Berlin West Africa Conference
  • David Livingstone
  • Henry Morton Stanley
  • ​Richard Burton
  • John Speke
  • James Grant
  • ​Frederick D. Lugard (Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa)
  • Suez Canal
  • Ferdinand de Lesseps
  • ​Veiled Protectorate
  • Leopold II of Belgium
  • Congo Free State
  • Boers
  • Zulu kingdom
  • Great Trek
  • Boer Republics
  • Cecil Rhodes
  • ​Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
  • Mahdist Revolt
  • Muhammad Ahmad, the Mahdi
  • ​siege of ​Khartoum
  • Charles Gordon
  • Khalifa Abdallahi
  • battle of Omdurman
  • Fashoda Incident
  • Anglo-Zulu War
  • battle of Isandhlwana​
  • South African Boer War
  • Paul Kruger
  • Transvaal Republic
  • Orange Free State
  • ​Union of South Africa
  • First Italo-Ethiopian War
  • Menelik II
  • battle of Adwa
  • Herero and Nama genocide
  • ​​Maji Maji rebellion
  • Italo-Turkish War
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​When famed Scottish missionary David Livingstone disappeared, Henry Morton Stanley tracked him into the African interior. He later sought the source of the Nile and established Congo Free State for Leopold II of Belgium.
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European empires and the United States established rules for conquering and colonizing Africa at the Berlin Conference. No Africans were present. 
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Around 10 million died during Belgian King Leopold II's 20 year reign in the Congo.
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German race scientist Eugen Fischer of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics studied severed heads of victims of the Herero and Nama genocide. His eugenics work influenced Adolf Hitler.
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Lizzie van Zyl a Boer child, in a British concentration camp.  She died in 1901 at seven years of age. The Boer War introduced many cruel practices of 20th century warfare.
Gunboat Diplomacy and the Scramble for Africa

Asia

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Kaiser Wilhelm II used the Yellow Peril myth to promote European colonialism in Asia.
  • ​Dutch East Indies
  • ​British East India Company
  • sepoys
  • Ram Mohan Roy
  • Sepoy Mutiny
  • British Raj
  • Suez Canal
  • Indian famines
  • Indian National Congress
  • Allan Hume
  • Dadabhai Naoroji
  • Bal Gangadhar Tilak
  • swaraj
  • Muslim League
  • Indian indentured labor
  • ​​coolie
  • Great Game
  • Circassian genocide
  • Vladivostok
  • sale of Alaska
  • Anglo-Persian Oil Company
  • ​Stamford Raffles
  • Singapore
  • French Indochina
  • Mongkut of Siam
  • Opium War
  • Treaty of Nanking
  • Ci Xi
  • Open Door Policy
  • Boxer Rebellion
  • Puyi
  • Chinese Revolution
  • ​Nationalist Kuomintang army
  • Matthew Perry
  • Treaty of Kanagawa
  • Kōmei 
  • Expel the Barbarians
  • Shimonoseki War
  • Meiji Restoration
  • Iwakura Mission
  • Sino-Japanese War
  • Anglo-Japanese Alliance
  • Russo-Japanese War
  • battle of Tsushima Strait
  • ​Yellow Peril​
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The East India Company iron steam ship Nemesis destroying Chinese war junks during the First Opium War (1839-42).
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​'Justice.' An English cartoon of 1857 expressing the British desire for revenge after the massacre of English prisoners at Cawnpore, India, July 1857, by Sepoys under the command of Nana Sahib.
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Millions starved during a series of late 19th century famines in British-controlled India when peasants were forced to grow cash crops instead of food.
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French political cartoon depicting China being carved up by Queen Victoria of Britain; Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany; Tsar Nicholas II of Russia; Marianne, symbol of France; and a Japanese samurai.
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British, French, Dutch, and American ships bombarded Japan during the brief Shimonoseki War (1864).
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​Iwakura Mission in London, 1872
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Japan's victory in the Russo-Japanese War shocked the Western world. Woodblock print by Kobayashi Kiyochika.
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Imperial Culture

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Tiger in a Tropical Storm (Surprised!) (1891) by Henri Rousseau
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Gustave Léonard de Jonghe's The Japanese Fan (1865) reflects European fascination with Asian culture.
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Sacred Spring, Sweet Dreams by Paul Gauguin (1894) was inspired by his trip to Tahiti. ​The world of Oceania had captured the artist's imagination with its harmony of man and nature, with what he saw as the preservation of primitive simplicity.
  • Imperial encounters with non-European peoples influenced the styles and subject matter of artists and writers and provoked debate over the acquisition of colonies. 
  • Jules Verne (Journey to Center of the Earth, 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea, and Around the World in 80 Days)
  • Japonism
  • Vincent van Gogh (Courtesan)
  • Paul Gauguin (Sacred Spring, Sweet Dreams)
  • Henri Rousseau (Tiger in a Tropical Storm)
  • Pablo Picasso (Les Demoiselles d'Avignon)
  • Rudyard Kipling (Man Who Would Be King, White Man's Burden, Jungle Book, and Kim)
  • Joseph Conrad (Heart of Darkness)
  • Pan-German League
  • Henry Labouchère (Brown Man's Burden)
  • John A. Hobson (Imperialism)
  • V.I. Lenin (Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism)
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​"A New Vice: Opium Dens in France" from Le Petit Journal (1903)
New Imperialism in Asia and Imperial Culture

Alliances and Crises

Objective: Explain how European imperialism affected both European and non-European societies.
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  • Imperialism created diplomatic tensions among European states that strained alliance systems. 

  • After 1871, Bismarck attempted to maintain the balance of power through a complex system of alliances directed at isolating France.
    ​
  • Bismarck’s dismissal in 1890 eventually led to a system of mutually antagonistic alliances and heightened international tensions. 

  • Nationalist tensions in the Balkans drew the Great Powers into a series of crises, leading up to World War I.
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  • Eastern Question
  • Turkish millet system
  • Tanzimat
  • Greek War of Independence
  • Pan-Slavism
  • Romanian independence
  • Serbian independence
  • Montenegrin independence
  • Bulgarian independence
  • annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina
  • ​realpolitik
  • Congress of Berlin
  • Young Ottomans
  • Young Turks
  • Three Emperors' League
  • ​Triple Alliance
  • Reinsurance Treaty
  • ​Bismarck's Dismissal
  • Franco-Russian Alliance
  • Fashoda Incident
  • First Moroccan Crisis
  • Algeciras Conference
  • ​Second Moroccan Crisis
  • First Balkan War
  • Balkan League
  • Macedonian independence
  • Albanian independence
  • Second Balkan War​
  • Triple Entente
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In 1890, the new Wilhelm II, the new German Kaiser, forced Chancellor Otto von Bismarck to resign. This cartoon depicts Bismarck as a maritime pilot stepping off a ship, perhaps a reference to the ship of state.
Picture
Whereas Bismarck had pursued a cautious foreign policy designed to establish stability, Wilhelm II's rash actions raised international tensions. His aggressive maneuvering during the Moroccan Crises caused traditional rivals Britain  (represented by John Bull) and France to draw closer together. Along with Russia, they formed the Triple Entente on the eve of World War I.
Alliances and Crises
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