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  • acc. PHILLIPS
  • America
    • I: Early America
      • Course Info
      • 1492-1763
      • 1763-1783
      • 1783-1789
      • 1789-1815
      • 1815-1849
      • 1850-1865
      • 1865-1877
    • II: Modern America
      • Course Info
      • 1865-1890
        • The Western Frontier
        • The Gilded Age
      • 1890-1920
        • Progressivism
        • Imperialism & the First World War
      • 1920-1941
        • The Roaring Twenties
        • The Great Depression
      • 1941-1962
        • The Second World War
        • The Early Cold War
      • 1950-1975
        • The Great Society
        • The Vietnam War
      • 1968-1991
        • The Late Cold War
        • Pop Culture
      • 1991-Today
        • The Culture Wars
        • The War on Terror
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    • 1200-1450
    • 1450-1648
      • Renaissance
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        • Tom Richey Videos
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    • 1815-1914
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        • Goals
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        • Core Documents
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        • Thinking
        • Exam
      • 1200-1450
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  • acc. PHILLIPS
  • America
    • I: Early America
      • Course Info
      • 1492-1763
      • 1763-1783
      • 1783-1789
      • 1789-1815
      • 1815-1849
      • 1850-1865
      • 1865-1877
    • II: Modern America
      • Course Info
      • 1865-1890
        • The Western Frontier
        • The Gilded Age
      • 1890-1920
        • Progressivism
        • Imperialism & the First World War
      • 1920-1941
        • The Roaring Twenties
        • The Great Depression
      • 1941-1962
        • The Second World War
        • The Early Cold War
      • 1950-1975
        • The Great Society
        • The Vietnam War
      • 1968-1991
        • The Late Cold War
        • Pop Culture
      • 1991-Today
        • The Culture Wars
        • The War on Terror
  • Europe
    • Course Info
    • 1200-1450
    • 1450-1648
      • Renaissance
      • Reformation
      • Exploration
      • Links
      • Assignments
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Rick Steves Videos
        • Assorted Videos
      • Slideshows
    • 1648-1815
      • Sovereignty
      • Commerce
      • Reason
      • Society
      • Revolution
      • Links
      • Readings and Assignments
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Assorted Videos
      • Slideshows
    • 1815-1914
      • Industry
      • Ideologies
      • Empire
      • Modernity
      • Links
      • Readings and Assignments
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Assorted Videos
      • Slideshows
    • 1914-Today
      • WWI
      • WWII
      • Cold War
      • EU
      • Links
      • Assignments and Readings
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Assorted Videos
      • Slideshows
  • World
    • Ancient
    • Modern
      • Course Info
        • Goals
        • Rules, Grading, Etc.
        • Core Documents
        • Links
        • Themes
        • Thinking
        • Exam
      • 1200-1450
        • Asia
        • Africa
        • Europe
        • Americas
        • Trade
        • Videos
      • 1450-1750
        • Discovery
        • Maritime Empires
        • Land Empires
        • Videos
      • 1750-1900
        • Revolutions
        • Industrialization
        • Imperialism
        • Videos
      • 1900-Today
        • World Wars
        • Postwar World
        • Globalization
        • Videos
  • Research
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From Westphalia to Vienna,
​c. 1648-c. 1815

Picture

From Westphalia to Vienna, c. 1648-c. 1815

 Global

  • Global commercial links expanded into a worldwide trade network.
  • Mercantilism and the transatlantic slave-labor system maintained European control in the colonies.
  • Europeans were exposed to a greater number of representations of peoples outside Europe.
  • Colonial rivalry between Britain and France intensified in a series of wars on several continents.
  • Enlightenment ideas influenced the American Revolution, which then influenced the French Revolution.
  • The American and French Revolutions inspired the slave revolt in Haiti.
  • The Napoleonic Wars disrupted trade and influenced colonies.

Commerce

  • Agricultural products from the Americas and farming techniques of the Agricultural Revolution increased the food supply. The population grew.
  • Migration from rural to urban areas increased.
  • The putting-out system was a form of proto-industrialization.
  • The European-dominated global trade network fueled a consumer economy. Art and literature reflected the values of a commercial society. Free trade and a free market challenged mercantilist trade limitations.​

Culture

  • New public venues and print media increased public discourse and popularized rational and empirical thought.
  • Enlightenment spawned new political and economic theories. Scientific principles were applied to resolving social problems and organizing social institutions.
  • Enlightenment notions of natural religion and toleration challenged religious establishments.
  • As absolute monarchs extended their power and control, philosophers challenged absolutism and inspired liberal revolts.
  • The role of women in political life was debated.
  • The Catholic Church's influence was attacked during the French Revolution. Civil rights were granted to Jews.
  • The French Revolutionary era awoke nationalistic sentiments among European peoples.

State

  • Louis XIV epitomized absolutism in France. Britain and the Dutch Republic developed constitutional states.
  • Enlightenment philosophers studied the social contract, identified natural rights, and espoused egalitarianism. Increased literacy expanded public discourse.
  • Dynastic, colonial, and revolutionary wars challenged the balance of power.
  • Prussia, Austria, and Russia emerged as powerful states.
  • Warfare centralized state power during the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars and inspired nationalism both in France and French-occupied nations.
  • The role and rights of women and minorities were debated during the French Revolution.

Society

  • The Agricultural Revolution swelled the population and spurred urban migration.
  • The literate public expanded.
  • Rising life expectancy and societal prosperity changed attitudes regarding children.
  • The slave trade expanded and was criticized.
  • Women hosted Enlightenment salons providing venues for public discourse. Women's roles and rights were debated throughout the Enlightenment, French Revolution, and Napoleonic eras.
  • Feudal social relations were attacked during the French Revolution. Many aristocrats fled France and resisted the revolution.
  • Extreme measures were used to suppress counterrevolutionary activities during the Reign of Terror.
  • Napoleon promoted meritocracy in the French army and empire.

Identity

  • The Enlightenment questioned social inequality.
  • The French Revolution and Napoleonic reforms promoted greater social equality.
  • The French Revolution inspired nationalism.

Technology

  • The Scientific Revolution expanded understanding of natural laws.
  • Newtonian classical mechanics led to belief in a clockwork universe.

Sovereignty

  • Theories of Absolute Monarchy
  • The English Civil War
  • English Constitutionalism
  • The Dutch Republic
  • Bourbon Dynasty of France
  • Romanov Dynasty of Russia
  • Hohenzollern Dynasty of Prussia
  • Hapsburg Dynasty of Austria
  • Partitions of Poland
Picture

Commerce

includes
  • Agricultural Revolution
  • Mercantilism
  • Free Market Economy
  • Abolition of the Transatlantic Slave Trade
  • Consumer Culture
  • Golden Age of Piracy​
Picture

Reason

  • The Scientific Revolution
  • ​​The Social Contract
  • Enlightenment Philosophes
  • Enlightenment Institutions
  • Representations of Non-Europeans
  • Natural Religion
  • Rococo
  • Neoclassical Art and Classical Music
  • 18th Century Literature
Picture

Society

includes
  • ​Population Growth
  • Consumer Revolution
  • 18th Century Social Structure
  • 18th Century Crime and Punishment
  • 18th Century Urban Life​
Picture

Revolution

includes
  • Colonial Rivalry
  • French Revolution
  • Haitian Revolution
  • Napoleonic Empire
  • Congress of Vienna
  • Romanticism
  • German Romantic Nationalism
Picture

Links

Readings

Videos

Slideshows

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© COPYRIGHT 2019. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
  • acc. PHILLIPS
  • America
    • I: Early America
      • Course Info
      • 1492-1763
      • 1763-1783
      • 1783-1789
      • 1789-1815
      • 1815-1849
      • 1850-1865
      • 1865-1877
    • II: Modern America
      • Course Info
      • 1865-1890
        • The Western Frontier
        • The Gilded Age
      • 1890-1920
        • Progressivism
        • Imperialism & the First World War
      • 1920-1941
        • The Roaring Twenties
        • The Great Depression
      • 1941-1962
        • The Second World War
        • The Early Cold War
      • 1950-1975
        • The Great Society
        • The Vietnam War
      • 1968-1991
        • The Late Cold War
        • Pop Culture
      • 1991-Today
        • The Culture Wars
        • The War on Terror
  • Europe
    • Course Info
    • 1200-1450
    • 1450-1648
      • Renaissance
      • Reformation
      • Exploration
      • Links
      • Assignments
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Rick Steves Videos
        • Assorted Videos
      • Slideshows
    • 1648-1815
      • Sovereignty
      • Commerce
      • Reason
      • Society
      • Revolution
      • Links
      • Readings and Assignments
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Assorted Videos
      • Slideshows
    • 1815-1914
      • Industry
      • Ideologies
      • Empire
      • Modernity
      • Links
      • Readings and Assignments
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Assorted Videos
      • Slideshows
    • 1914-Today
      • WWI
      • WWII
      • Cold War
      • EU
      • Links
      • Assignments and Readings
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Assorted Videos
      • Slideshows
  • World
    • Ancient
    • Modern
      • Course Info
        • Goals
        • Rules, Grading, Etc.
        • Core Documents
        • Links
        • Themes
        • Thinking
        • Exam
      • 1200-1450
        • Asia
        • Africa
        • Europe
        • Americas
        • Trade
        • Videos
      • 1450-1750
        • Discovery
        • Maritime Empires
        • Land Empires
        • Videos
      • 1750-1900
        • Revolutions
        • Industrialization
        • Imperialism
        • Videos
      • 1900-Today
        • World Wars
        • Postwar World
        • Globalization
        • Videos
  • Research
  • Shop
  • About
  • Contact