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  • acc. PHILLIPS
  • America
    • Introduction
      • Course Overview
      • Policies
      • Essential Documents
    • 1492-1754
      • Colonization
    • 1754-1848
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      • Constitution
      • Expansion
    • 1848-1898
      • The Civil War
      • The Gilded Age
    • 1898-1945
      • The American Empire
      • The Great Depression
      • The Second World War
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    • 1991-Today
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Revolution,
​c. 1648-1815 CE

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Inspired in part by Enlightenment ideas, the French Revolution introduced mass politics, led to the creation of numerous political and social ideologies, and remained the touchstone for those advocating radical reform in subsequent decades.

Revolution,

c. 1648-1815 CE 

The French Revolution was the most formidable challenge to traditional politics and diplomacy during this period. Inspired in part by Enlightenment ideas, the revolution introduced mass politics, led to the creation of numerous political and social ideologies, and remained the touchstone for those advocating radical reform in subsequent decades. The French Revolution was part of a larger revolutionary impulse that, as a transatlantic movement, influenced revolutions in Spanish America and the Haitian slave revolt. Napoleon Bonaparte built upon the gains of the revolution and attempted to exploit the resources of the continent in the interests of France and his own dynasty. Napoleon’s revolutionary state imposed French hegemony throughout Europe, but eventually a coalition of European powers overthrew French domination and restored, as much as possible, a balance of power within the European state system. Conservative leaders also attempted to contain the danger of revolutionary or nationalistic upheavals inspired by the French Revolution.

The romantic movement of the early 19th century set the stage for later cultural perspectives by encouraging individuals to cultivate their uniqueness and to trust intuition and emotion as much as reason. Partly in reaction to the Enlightenment, romanticism affirmed the value of sensitivity, imagination, and creativity and thereby provided a climate for artistic experimentation. 

​

Source: https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/pdf/ap-european-history-course-and-exam-description.pdf

The Colonies

Objectives:
  1. Explain the causes and consequences of European maritime competition from 1648 to 1815.
  2. Explain the economic and political consequences of the rivalry between Britain and France from 1648 to 1815.
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Britain and France vied for control of North America and India during the 17th and 18th centuries.
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HMS Centurion captures Nuestra Señora de Covadonga during the War of Jenkin's Ear
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Boston silversmith Paul Revere engraved this image of the 1770 Boston Massacre that fueled anti-British sentiment in the American colonies.
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  • The expansion of European commerce accelerated the growth of a worldwide economic network.

  • Commercial rivalries influenced diplomacy and warfare among European states in the early modern era.

  • European sea powers vied for Atlantic influence throughout the 18th century.

  • Portuguese, Dutch, French, and British rivalries in Asia culminated in British domination in India and Dutch control of the East Indies.

  • Rivalry between Britain and France resulted in world wars fought both in Europe and in the colonies, with Britain supplanting France as the greatest European power.
  • Spanish Main
  • consulado
  • Spanish treasure fleet
  • Manila galleons
  • Zacatecas
  • Cerro Potosi
  • Pueblo Revolt
  • Council of the Indies
  • letrados
  • audiencia
  • Miguel Cabrera
  • amigos del pais
  • Beaver Wars
  • Nine Years’ War/King William’s War
  • War of Spanish Succession/Queen Anne’s War
  • ​Treaty of Utrecht
  • French Acadians, or Cajuns
  • War of Jenkins’s Ear
  • War of Austrian Succession/King George’s War
  • British East India Company
  • Carnatic Wars
  • Joseph-François Dupleix
  • Robert Clive
  • battle of Plassey
  • Seven Years’ War/French and Indian War
  • ​Treaty of Paris of 1763
  • salutary neglect
  • Proclamation Line of 1763
  • Stamp Act
  • “No taxation without representation.”
  • Sons of Liberty
  • Boston Massacre
  • Boston Tea Party
  • Coercive Acts
  • American War of Independence
  • ​Declaration of Independence
  • Franco-American Alliance
  • battle of Yorktown
  • United States Constitution
  • Treaty of Paris of 1783
  • Charles III of Spain
  • Jose de Galvez
  • Comunero Revolt
  • Tupac Amaru II
  • Francisco de Miranda
The Colonies

The French Revolution

Objectives:
  1. Explain the causes, events, and consequences of the French Revolution.
  2. Explain how the events and developments of the French Revolution influenced political and social ideas to 1815.
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July 14, the anniversary of the Storming of the Bastille in 1789, is celebrated a French national holiday.
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Queen Marie Antoinette was widely despised.
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Crowds took Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette prisoner during the Women's March on Versailles.
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By 1793 Louis XIV was beheaded by guillotine and France had become a republic.
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The violent Reign of Terror (1793–1794) only ended with the arrest and execution of the radical Jacobin leader Maximillien Robespierre, head of the Committee of Public Safety.
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  • The French Revolution resulted from a combination of long-term social and political causes, as well as Enlightenment ideas, exacerbated by short-term fiscal and economic crises.

  • The first, or liberal, phase of the French Revolution established a constitutional monarchy, increased popular participation, nationalized the Catholic Church, and abolished hereditary privileges.

  • After the execution of Louis XVI, the radical Jacobin republic led by Robespierre responded to opposition at home and war abroad by instituting the Reign of Terror, fixing prices and wages, and pursuing a policy of de-Christianization.

  • Revolutionary armies, raised by mass conscription, sought to bring the changes initiated in France to the rest of Europe.
    ​
  • Women enthusiastically participated in the early phases of the revolution; however, while there were brief improvements in the legal status of women, citizenship in the republic was soon restricted to men.

  • While many were inspired by the revolution’s emphasis on equality and human rights, others condemned its violence and disregard for traditional authority.
  • The Enlightenment
  • French Revolution
  • Ancién Regime
  • bourgeoisie
  • Pierre Beaumarchais (Figaro)
  • parlements
  • literate public
  • general will of the French people
  • Louis XVI
  • Marie Antoinette
  • Estates-General
  • French financial crisis
  • Jacques Necker
  • Abbé Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès (What Is the Third Estate?)
  • French National Constituent Assembly
  • Tennis Court Oath
  • storming of the Bastille Prison
  • Marquis de Lafayette
  • National Guard
  • Great Fear
  • Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen
  • émigrés
  • Women's March on Versailles
  • Civil Constitution of the Clergy
  • Constitution of 1791
  • departments
  • flight to Varennes
  • French Legislative Assembly
  • sans-culottes
  • Paris Commune
  • storming of Tuileries Palace
  • September Massacres
  • battle of Valmy
  • French National Convention
  • First French Republic
  • Jacobins
  • Girondins
  • Montagnard
  • execution of Louis XVI
  • guillotine
  • Jean-Paul Marat  (L’Ami du Peuple)
  • Committee of Public Safety
  • George Danton
  • Maximillien Robespierre
  • Reign of Terror
  • state economic planning
  • ​General Maximum Law
  • de-Christianization
  • Jacques Hébert
  • French Revolutionary Calendar
  • metric system
  • tricolor flag
  • lycées
  • ​Cult of Reason
  • Cult of the Supreme Being
  • levée en masse
  • La Marseillaise
  • counter-revolution in Vendée
  • Olympe de Gouges (Declaration of the Rights of Woman)
  • Charlotte Corday
  • Pauline Léon
  • Claire Lacombe
  • Society of Revolutionary Republican Women
  • Théroigne de Méricourt
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Théroigne de Méricourt, "one of the first Amazons of liberty," attended debates of the National Assembly at Versailles throughout the summer of 1789 dressed in men's riding clothes.
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mass shootings of counter-revolutionary peasants in the Vendée region during the Reign of Terror

The Haitian Revolution

Objectives:
  1. Explain the causes, events, and consequences of the French Revolution.
  2. Explain how the events and developments of the French Revolution influenced political and social ideas to 1815.
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Free Women of Color with their Children and Servants by Agostino Brunias
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Following a successful slave revolt inspired by the French Revolution, Jean-Jacques Dessaline became the first Emperor of Haiti.
  • Revolutionary ideals inspired a revolt of enslaved people led by Toussaint L’Ouverture in the French colony of Saint-Domingue, which became the independent nation of Haiti in 1804. 
  • Haitian Revolution
  • Saint-Domingue
  • gens de couleur libres
  • Julien Raimond
  • Vincent Ogé
  • Toussaint L’Ouverture
  • battle of Vertières
  • Jean-Jacques Dessaline
  • Louisiana Purchase
The French and Haitian Revolutions

The Napoleonic Empire

Objectives:
  1. Explain the effects of Napoleon’s rule on European social, economic, and political life.
  2. Explain the nationalist responses to Napoleon’s rule in Europe.
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Napoleon Bonaparte was crowned Emperor of the French in 1804.  For a brief while, he dominated the European continent and led the largest empire in Europe since the days of Rome.
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Construction of the neoclassical-style Arc de Triomphe, seen here in the 1890s, was ordered by Napoleon I to honor those who fought and died for France in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars.
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Napoleon Bonaparte as depicted by propagandist Jacques-Louis David
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A French invasion of Britain was forestalled by Admiral Lord Nelson ​at the Battle of Trafalgar.
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Francisco Goya commemorated Spanish national resistance to Napoleon's armies during the Peninsular War. 
  • As first consul and emperor, Napoleon undertook a number of enduring domestic reforms while often curtailing some rights and manipulating popular impulses behind a façade of representative institutions.

  • Napoleon’s new military tactics allowed him to exert direct or indirect control over much of the European continent, spreading the ideals of the French Revolution across Europe. Napoleon’s expanding empire created nationalist responses throughout Europe.
  • Thermidorian Reaction
  • French Directory
  • Napoleon Bonaparte
  • ​Josephine de Beauharnais
  • Italian Campaign
  • Egyptian Campaign
  • ​Rosetta Stone
  • coup d’etat of 18 Brumaire
  • Consulate
  • Plebiscite of 1800
  • Concordat of 1801
  • Treaty of Lunéville
  • Treaty of Amiens
  • Plebiscite of 1802
  • imperial coronation of Napoleon
  • Napoleonic Code
  • Imperial University of France
  • Legion of Honor
  • Bonapartism
  • préfects
  • Joseph Fouche
  • Gendarmerie
  • Napoleonic censorship
  • Bank of France
  • battle of Austerlitz
  • Confederation of the Rhine
  • battle of Trafalgar
  • Horatio Nelson
  • Continental System
  • battle of Jena
  • Treaties of Tilsit
  • Napoleonic Empire
  • Marie-Louise of Austria
  • ​Peninsular War
  • Joseph Bonaparte
  • guerrilla warfare
  • Francisco Goya (Third of May 1808)
  • Latin American wars of independence
  • John VI of Portugal
  • Pedro I of Brazil
  • Miguel Hidalgo
  • ​Simón Bolívar, the Liberator
  • Jose de San Martin
  • Grande Armée
  • ​invasion of Russia
  • battle of Borodino
  • battle of Leipzig
  • exile to Elba
  • Louis XVIII
  • Hundred Days
  • Duke of Wellington Arthur Wellesley
  • battle of Waterloo
  • exile to Saint Helena
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Louis-François Lejeune, The Battle of the Pyramids (1808)
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Louis-François Lejeune, The Battle of Borodino (1822)

The Congress of Vienna

Objective: Explain how states responded to Napoleonic rule in Europe and the consequences of the response.​
Picture
Louis XVIII trying on Napoleon's boots. This British political cartoon by George Cruikshank mocks the conservative Congress System's interventions to smother liberal revolutions following the Congress of Vienna.
  • After the defeat of Napoleon by a coalition of European powers, the Congress of Vienna (1814–1815) attempted to restore the balance of power in Europe and contain the danger of revolutionary or nationalistic upheavals in the future.
  • Congress of Vienna
  • Klemens von Metternich
  • Alexander I of Russia
  • Frederick William III of Prussia
  • Lord Castlereagh
  • Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand
  • Concert of Europe
  • Congress System
  • Holy Alliance
  • principle of legitimacy
  • Revolutions of 1820
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Europe's conservative aristocracy met at the Congress of Vienna to restore the pre-revolutionary order and prevent further revolution.
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Napoleon on Saint Helena by Franz Josef Sandmann (c. 1820​)
The Napoleonic Empire and Congress of Vienna

Romanticism

Objective: Explain how and why the Romantic Movement and religious revival challenged Enlightenment thought.
  • Rousseau questioned the exclusive reliance on reason and emphasized the role of emotions in the moral improvement of self and society.

  • Romanticism emerged as a challenge to Enlightenment rationality.

  • ​Romanticism broke with Neoclassical forms of artistic representation and with rationalism, placing more emphasis on intuition and emotion.

  • Romantic artists and composers broke from classical artistic forms to emphasize emotion, nature, individuality, intuition, the supernatural, and national histories in their works.
    ​
  • Romantic writers expressed similar themes while responding to the Industrial Revolution and to various political revolutions. 

Painting

  • Romanticism
  • Henry Fuseli (Nightmare)
  • William Blake (Great Red Dragon)
  • Caspar Friedrich (Wanderer)
  • Théodore Géricault (Raft of the Medusa)
  • John Constable (Cornfield)
  • Eugene Delacroix (Liberty Leading the People and Women of Algiers)
  • J.M.W. Turner (Rain, Steam, Speed)​

Literature

Picture
Picture
  • Samuel Taylor Coleridge (Kubla Khan)
  • William Wordsworth (Rime of the Ancient Mariner)
  • Lord Byron (Childe Harold's Pilgrimage)
  • Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm (Fairy Tales)
  • Mary Shelley (Frankenstein)
  • Percy Shelley (Ozymandias)
  • Walter Scott (Ivanhoe)
  • John Keats (Ode on a Grecian Urn)
  • Alexandre Dumas (Three Musketeers)
  • Victor Hugo (Les Misérables)​

Architecture

Picture
Neuschwanstein Castle (1886) in Bavaria, Germany
  • ​Neo-gothic style architecture
  • British Houses of Parliament
  • Neo-Romanesque style architecture
  • Neuschwanstein Castle 

Music

Romanticism Spotify Playlist
  • Ludwig van Beethoven (Ninth Symphony)
  • Frédéric Chopin (Minute Waltz)
  • Richard Wagner (Ring Cycle)
  • Pyotr Tchaikovsky (1812 Overture)​

German Romantic Nationalism

The Brothers Grimm contributed to early German nationalism by writing down a collection of German fairy tales from the peasant oral tradition.
  • Napoleon’s expanding empire created nationalist responses throughout Europe.

  • Revolution, war, and rebellion demonstrated the emotional power of mass politics and nationalism.
  • G.W. Friedrich Hegel
  • zeitgeist
  • Johann Gottfried Herder (Philosophy of the History of Mankind)
  • genius
  • nationalism
  • Johann Gottfried Fichte
  • volksgeist
  • Brothers Grimm
Romanticism
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  • acc. PHILLIPS
  • America
    • Introduction
      • Course Overview
      • Policies
      • Essential Documents
    • 1492-1754
      • Colonization
    • 1754-1848
      • Revolution
      • Constitution
      • Expansion
    • 1848-1898
      • The Civil War
      • The Gilded Age
    • 1898-1945
      • The American Empire
      • The Great Depression
      • The Second World War
    • 1945-1991
      • The Early Cold War
      • The Great Society
      • The Late Cold War
    • 1991-Today
      • The Culture Wars
      • The War on Terror
  • Europe
    • Introduction
    • 1200-1450
    • 1450-1648
      • Renaissance
      • Reformation
      • Exploration
      • Links
      • Assignments
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Rick Steves Videos
        • Assorted Videos
      • Slideshows
    • 1648-1815
      • Sovereignty
      • Commerce
      • Reason
      • Revolution
      • Links
      • Readings and Assignments
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Assorted Videos
      • Slideshows
    • 1815-1914
      • Industry
      • Ideology
      • Empire
      • Modernity
      • Links
      • Readings and Assignments
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Assorted Videos
      • Slideshows
    • 1914-Today
      • WWI
      • WWII
      • Cold War
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      • Links
      • Assignments and Readings
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Assorted Videos
      • Slideshows
  • World
    • Ancient
    • Modern
      • Introduction
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        • Essential Documents
        • Exam
      • 1200-1450
        • Asia
        • Africa
        • Europe
        • Americas
        • Trade
      • 1450-1750
        • Discovery
        • Maritime Empires
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