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  • America
    • I: Early America
      • Course Info
      • 1492-1763
      • 1763-1783
      • 1783-1789
      • 1789-1815
      • 1815-1849
      • 1850-1865
      • 1865-1877
    • II: Modern America
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Discovery,
​c. 1450-1750

Picture

Discovery

c. 1450-1750

Objectives


  • ​​Explain how cross-cultural interactions resulted in the diffusion of technology and facilitated changes in patterns of trade and travel from 1450 to 1750.

  • ​​Describe the role of states in the expansion of maritime exploration from 1450 to 1750.

  • ​​Explain the economic causes and effects of maritime exploration by the various European states.
    ​

  • ​​​Explain the causes of the Columbian Exchange and its effects on the Eastern and Western Hemispheres.

​Renaissance

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Italian Renaissance works
Northern Renaissance works
Picture
Picture
Knowledge, scientific learning, and technology from the Classical, Islamic, and Asian worlds spread, facilitating European technological developments and innovation.
audio pronunciation guide:
  • Renaissance
  • Northern Renaissance
  • ​Humanism/humanities
  • Secular
  • Perspective
  • ​Venice
  • Florence
  • Rome 
  • Papal States
  • diplomacy
  • Dante Alighieri (Divine Comedy)
  • Petrarch
  • Filipo Brunelleschi (Il Duomo)
  • Donatello (David)
  • Jan van Eyck
  • Johannes Gutenberg
  • Printing press​
  • Medici dynasty
  • Patron
  • ​Cosimo de Medici
  • Lorenzo de Medici the Magnificent
  • Leonardo da Vinci (Mona Lisa, Last Supper)​
  • Pico della Mirandola
  • Desiderius Erasmus
  • Niccolo Machiavelli (The Prince, 1513)
  • Albrecht Durer
  • Michelangelo (Pieta, David, Moses, Sistine Chapel)
  • Baldassare Castiglione (The Courtier)
  • Raphael (School of Athens)
  • Francis I of France
  • William Shakespeare
The Renaissance

The Scientific Revolution

Picture
Picture
Knowledge, scientific learning, and technology from the Classical, Islamic, and Asian worlds spread, facilitating European technological developments and innovation.
  • Scientific Revolution
  • Deism
  • experimentation
  • inductive reasoning
  • deductive reasoning
  • Francis Bacon (New Atlantis, 1627)​
  • René Descartes (Meditations, 1641)
  • ​John Locke
  • tabula rasa
  • ​Ptolemaic geocentric model
  • ​​heliocentric model
  • ​Nicholas Copernicus (On the Revolution of Celestial Spheres, 1543)
  • Tycho Brahe
  • Johannes Kepler
  • ​laws of planetary motion
  • Galileo Galilei
  • Isaac Newton ​(Principia Mathematica, 1687)
  • laws of motion
  • law of universal gravitation
  • Newtonian classical mechanics
  • clockwork universe
  • calculus​
  • Robert Boyle (Sceptical Chymist, 1661)
  • Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
  • Paracelsus
  • Juan Luis Vives
  • Andreas Vesalius (On the Fabric of the Human Body, 1543)
  • William Harvey
  • Edward Jenner
  • Maria Sibylla Merian
  • Margaret Cavendish (Observations upon Experimental Philosophy, Blazing World)
  • Emilie du Chatelet
  • Enlightenment
The Scientific Revolution

​Transoceanic Travel

Picture
A Portuguese carrack as depicted in a map made in 1565.
  • The developments included the production of new tools, innovations in ship designs, and an improved understanding of regional wind and currents patterns—all of which made transoceanic travel and trade possible.
    ​
  • ​​New state-supported transoceanic maritime exploration occurred in this period.
​audio pronunciation guide:
  • Age of Exploration
  • magnetic compass
  • Portolani navigational charts
  • quadrants
  • astrolabes
  • cross staffs
  • cog, carrack, and caravel type ships
  • stern-mounted rudders
  • lateen-rig sails
  • ship-mounted cannons 
  • volta do mar
  • world economy
  • proto-globalization
  • protoindustrialization
Transoceanic Travel

Portuguese Empire

Picture
The King's Fountain (c. 1570) depicts early globalization in Lisbon, Portugal. Trade goods from Japan and India are present. Around 10% of Lisbon's population had African ancestry found in all social classes. There are both black and white slaves present. Note the upper-class African knight in the lower right corner.
Picture
​​Lines dividing the non-Christian world between Spain and Portugal
Picture
nautical chart of Portuguese cartographer Lázaro Luís, 1563
Portuguese development of maritime technology and navigational skills led to increased travel to and trade with Africa and Asia and resulted in the construction of a global trading-post empire.​​
audio pronunciation guide:
  • Vivaldi brothers
  • Prince Henry
  • Ceuta
  • colonies
  • factories
  • Sao Jorge da Mina/Elmina
  • ​Bartolomeu Dias
  • Cape of Good Hope
  • Treaty of Tordesillas
  • Asian sea trading network
  • Vasco da Gama
  • Pedro Cabral
  • Afonso de Albuquerque
  • ​Ormuz
  • Goa
  • captaincies
  • engenho
  • Paulistas
  • Minas Gerais
  • Rio de Janeiro
  • Marquis of Pombal
  • peninsulares
  • Creoles
Picture
Portuguese India, with its capital in Goa, then often called in Europe the "Rome of the East"
Portuguese Empire

Spanish Conquest and Empire

Picture
Depiction of Taino encountering Christopher Columbus​, engraving, ca. 1594, by Theodor de Bry
Picture
Picture
earliest European depiction of a man smoking tobacco
Picture
Aztec victims of smallpox from the Florentine Codex (compiled 1555–1576)
Picture
Vasco Nunez de Balboa
  • ​​​Spanish sponsorship of the voyages of Columbus and subsequent voyages across the Atlantic and Pacific dramatically increased European interest in transoceanic travel and trade.

  • ​The new connections between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres resulted in the exchange of new plants, animals, and diseases, known as the Columbian Exchange.

  • European colonization of the Americas led to the unintentional transfer of disease vectors, including mosquitoes and rats, and the spread of diseases that were endemic in the Eastern Hemisphere, including smallpox, measles, and malaria. Some of these diseases substantially reduced the indigenous populations, with catastrophic effects in many areas.

  • American foods became staple crops in various parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Cash crops were grown primarily on plantations with coerced labor and were exported mostly to Europe and the Middle East. 

  • Afro-Eurasian fruit trees, grains, sugar, and domesticated animals were brought by Europeans to the Americas, while other foods were brought by African slaves.​
    ​

audio pronunciation guide:
  • Ferdinand of Aragon
  • Isabella of Castile
  • conquistadors
  • Christopher Columbus​
  • Caribbean
  • Guanahani
  • Hispaniola
  • Indians
  • Taino
  • Treaty of Tordesillas
  • Columbian Exchange​
  • smallpox
  • Bartolome de Las Casas
  • Amerigo Vespucci
  • Ferdinand Magellan
  • Vasco Nunez de Balboa
  • Hernan Cortes
  • Moctezuma II
  • Dona Marina (La Malinche)
  • Mexico City
  • Francisco Pizarro
  • Atahualpa
  • Huascar
  • Ponce de Leon
  • Hernando de Soto
  • Francisco Vasquez de Coronado
  • Pedro de Valdivia
  • Luzon
  • Mindanao
Spanish Conquest
Picture
sistema de castas
Picture
Picture
A casta painting by Miguel Cabrera showing a peninsulare and mulatta
Picture
​As a mullato slave, Juan de Pareja assisted famed painter Diego Velázquez who freed him the year Velázquez ​made this portrait of him.
  • Newly developed colonial economies in the Americas largely depended on agriculture, utilized existing labor systems, including the Incan mit’a, and introduced new labor systems including chattel slavery, indentured servitude, and encomienda and hacienda systems.

  • The new global circulation of goods was facilitated by chartered European monopoly companies and the global flow of silver, especially from Spanish colonies in the Americas, which was used to purchase Asian goods for the Atlantic markets and satisfy Chinese demand for silver.
    ​

  • Regional markets continued to flourish in Afro-Eurasia by using established commercial practices and new transoceanic and regional shipping services developed by European merchants.

  • ​​State expansion and centralization led to resistance from an array of social, political, and economic groups on a local level.
    ​​
  • Imperial conquests and widening global economic opportunities contributed to the formation of new political and economic elites in the Americas with the rise of the Casta system.

  • Slave resistance challenged existing authorities in the Americas.
audio pronunciation guide:
  • viceroyalties
  • viceroys
  • New Spain
  • Viceroyalty of Peru
  • Spanish East Indies
  • Miguel Lopez de Legazpi
  • sistema de castas
  • peninsulares
  • Creoles/criollos
  • mestizos
  • mulatos
  • mit'a
  • encomienda
  • encomendero
  • Francisco Vazquez de Coronado
  • haciendas
  • Spanish Main
  • consulado
  • Spanish treasure fleet
  • Manila galleons
  • Zacatecas
  • Cerro Potosi
  • Huancavelica
  • Bernardino de Sahagun
  • Virgin of Guadalupe
  • Pueblo Revolt
  • Council of the Indies
  • letrados
  • Recopilacion
  • audiencia
  • Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz
  • Miguel Cabrera
  • amigos del pais
  • War of Spanish Succession
  • Charles III of Spain
  • Jose de Galvez
  • Comunero Revolt
  • Tupac Amaru II​
Picture
White represents the route of the Manila Galleons in the Pacific and the flota in the Atlantic. Blue represents Portuguese routes.
Spanish Empire
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  • acc. PHILLIPS
  • America
    • I: Early America
      • Course Info
      • 1492-1763
      • 1763-1783
      • 1783-1789
      • 1789-1815
      • 1815-1849
      • 1850-1865
      • 1865-1877
    • II: Modern America
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      • 1865-1890
        • The Western Frontier
        • The Gilded Age
      • 1890-1920
        • Progressivism
        • Imperialism & the First World War
      • 1920-1941
        • The Roaring Twenties
        • The Great Depression
      • 1941-1962
        • The Second World War
        • The Early Cold War
      • 1950-1975
        • The Great Society
        • The Vietnam War
      • 1968-1991
        • The Late Cold War
        • Pop Culture
      • 1991-Today
        • The Culture Wars
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    • Course Info
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