Globalization

c. 1900-Today

Objectives

• ​​Explain how the development of new technologies changed the world from 1900 to present.
  
  
• ​​​Explain how environmental factors affected human populations over time.
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• ​​​Explain the causes and effects of environmental changes in the period from 1900 to present.

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​​Explain the continuities and changes in the global economy from 1900 to present.

​​​Explain how social categories, roles, and practices have been maintained and challenged over time.

​​​Explain how and why globalization changed culture over time.

​​​Explain the various responses to increasing globalization from 1900 to present.
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​​​Explain how and why globalization changed international interactions among states.

Global Networks

​​New modes of communication—including radio communication, cellular communication, and the internet—as well as transportation, including air travel and shipping containers, reduced the problem of geographic distance.

• High Speed ​
• transatlantic radio
• television
• John Baird
• Kálmán Tihanyi
• Vladimir Zworykin
• Rudolf Hell - Hellschreiber
• computer
• Alan Turing - Turing machine
• Konrad Zuse
• transatlantic cable
• Sputnik I
• Telstar I
• mobile phone networks
• Nokia
• World Wide Web
• flight
• Aéropostale Co.
• nonstop transatlantic flight
• Graf Zeppelin
• Dornier Do X flying boat
• Hamburg to Berlin high-speed rail
• Heinkel He 178
• Wernher von Braun
• V-2 ballistic missiles
• Concorde
• Florence to Rome high-speed rail
• TEN-R (Trans-European high-speed rail network)
• Main line for Europe Paris to Budapest high-speed rail (due to open in 2020)

Energy

Energy technologies, including the use of petroleum and nuclear power, raised productivity and increased the production of material goods.

Nuclear Physics

• Niels Bohr - Bohr atomic model
• Werner Heisenberg - Uncertainty Principle
• Erwin Schrödinger - Schrödinger's Cat paradoxical thought experiment
• Albert Einstein – letter to FDR
• Enrico Fermi
• Leó Szilárd
• Klaus Fuchs
• Manhattan Project
• atomic bomb
• Trinity
• Fat Man
• Little Boy
• hydrogen bomb
• CERN nuclear research lab
• particle accelerator
• Tsar Bomba​

​Reproduction

More effective forms of birth control gave women greater control over fertility, transformed reproductive practices, and contributed to declining rates of fertility in much of the world.

​The Green Revolution

The Green Revolution and commercial agriculture increased productivity and sustained the earth’s growing population as it spread chemically and genetically modified forms of agriculture.

​Modern Medicine

• Medical innovations, including vaccines and antibiotics, increased the ability of humans to survive and live longer lives.
  
  
• ​​​Diseases, as well as medical and scientific developments, had significant effects on populations around the world.
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• Diseases associated with poverty persisted while other diseases emerged as new epidemics and threats to human populations, in some cases leading to social disruption. These outbreaks spurred technological and medical advances. Some diseases occurred at higher incidence merely because of increased longevity.

HIV/AIDS
Ebola
HAART

​Climate Change

• ​​​As human activity contributed to deforestation, desertification, a decline in air quality, and increased consumption of the world’s supply of fresh water, humans competed over these and other resources more intensely than ever before.
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• The release of greenhouse gases and pollutants into the atmosphere contributed to debates about the nature and causes of climate change.

Club of Rome
climate change
global warming
Kyoto Protocol
Copenhagen Conference
​Paris Agreement

Objectives

Free Markets

• ​​In a trend accelerated by the end of the Cold War, many governments encouraged free market economic policies and promoted economic liberalization in the late 20th century.
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• Changing economic institutions, multinational corporations, and regional trade agreements reflected the spread of principles and practices associated with free-market economics throughout the world.

Post-Soviet Russia

• CIS
• Shock Therapy
• First and Second Chechen Wars
• Vladimir Putin

Globalization

• developed nations
• emerging nations
• global economy
• multinational corporation
• free trade
• Western influence on the rest of the world

primary products
​neocolonial economy
child labor
​human trafficking

Information

In the late 20th century, revolutions in information and communications technology led to the growth of knowledge economies in some regions, while industrial production and manufacturing were increasingly situated in Asia and Latin America.

​Inequality

• ​​​Rights-based discourses challenged old assumptions about race, class, gender, and religion.
  
  
• In much of the world, access to education as well as participation in new political and professional roles became more inclusive in terms of race, class, gender, and religion.
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• Movements throughout the world protested the inequality of the environmental and economic consequences of global integration.​

​Global Culture

• ​Political and social changes of the 20th century led to changes in the arts and in the second half of the century, popular and consumer culture became more global.
  
  
• Arts, entertainment, and popular culture increasingly reflected the influence of a globalized society.
  
  
• Consumer culture became globalized and transcended national borders.
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• ​Responses to rising cultural and economic globalization took a variety of forms.

​International Cooperation

• ​​​New international organizations, including the United Nations, formed with the stated goal of maintaining world peace and facilitating international cooperation.

United Nations
Red Cross/Red Crescent
World Health Organization
UN Declaration of Human Rights
Amnesty International
Human Rights Watch

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