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  • America
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  • acc. PHILLIPS
  • America
    • Introduction
      • Course Overview
      • Policies
      • Essential Documents
    • 1492-1754
      • Colonization
    • 1754-1848
      • Revolution
      • Constitution
      • Expansion
    • 1848-1898
      • The Civil War
      • The Gilded Age
    • 1898-1945
      • The American Empire
      • The Great Depression
      • The Second World War
    • 1945-1991
      • The Early Cold War
      • The Great Society
      • The Late Cold War
    • 1991-Today
      • The Culture Wars
      • The War on Terror
  • Europe
    • Introduction
    • 1200-1450
    • 1450-1648
      • Renaissance
      • Reformation
      • Exploration
      • Links
      • Assignments
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Rick Steves Videos
        • Assorted Videos
      • Slideshows
    • 1648-1815
      • Sovereignty
      • Commerce
      • Reason
      • Revolution
      • Links
      • Readings and Assignments
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
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  • World
    • Ancient
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      • Introduction
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        • Essential Documents
        • Exam
      • 1200-1450
        • Asia
        • Africa
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        • Americas
        • Trade
      • 1450-1750
        • Discovery
        • Maritime Empires
        • Land Empires
      • 1750-1900
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Global Challenges,
​c. 1900-Today

Globalization

c. 1900-Today

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Contents


Globalization, c. 1900-Today:
  • Objectives
  • International Organizations
  • Global Networks
    • ​Economic and Cultural
    • Transportation, Communication and Technology
  • Modern ​Food and Medicine
    • Food Production and Human Reproduction
    • Medicine
  • Energy and ​Climate Change
    • ​Energy
    • ​Climate Change

Objectives

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  • ​​​Explain how and why globalization changed international interactions among states.

  • ​​​Explain how and why globalization changed culture over time.

  • ​​Explain the continuities and changes in the global economy from 1900 to present.

  • ​​​Explain the various responses to increasing globalization from 1900 to present.

  • ​​Explain how social categories, roles, and practices have been maintained and challenged over time.

  • ​​Explain how the development of new technologies changed the world from 1900 to present.

  • ​​​Explain how environmental factors affected human populations over time.

  • ​​​Explain the causes and effects of environmental changes in the period from 1900 to present.

International Organizations

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  • ​​​New international organizations, including the United Nations, formed with the stated goal of maintaining world peace and facilitating international cooperation.
  • United Nations
  • United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights
  • United Nations Genocide Convention
  • United Nations Security Council
  • United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
  • World Health Organization (WHO)
  • General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
  • World Trade Organization (WTO)
  • World Bank
  • International Monetary Fund (IMF)
  • G8
  • G20
  • International Criminal Court (ICC)
  • International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL)
  • International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
  • International Energy Agency (IEA)
  • North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
  • North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
  • Organization of American States (OAS)
  • European Union (EU)
  • Commonwealth of Nations
  • Organisation internationale de la Francophonie
  • European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)
  • Organization of African Unity (OAS)
  • African Union (AU)​
  • Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
  • Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
  • Arab League
  • Organization of Petroleum-Exporting Countries (OPEC)
  • Non-Aligned Movement
  • non-governmental organization (NGO)
  • ​International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
  • Amnesty International
  • World Wildlife Fund for Nature (WWF)
  • Doctors Without Borders (MSF)
  • Greenpeace
  • Human Rights Watch
  • World Economic Forum​
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International Organizations Quizlet

Global Networks

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national shares of the Gross World Product (GWP), 2019
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Taiwan, Singapore, Seoul, and Hong Kong - the Four Asian Tigers - were among the states that experienced post-World War II economic miracles.
  • ​​New modes of communication—including radio communication, cellular communication, and the internet—as well as transportation, including air travel and shipping containers, reduced the problem of geographic distance.

  • ​​Political and social changes of the 20th century led to changes in the arts and in the second half of the century, popular and consumer culture became more global.

  • ​​In a trend accelerated by the end of the Cold War, many governments encouraged free market economic policies and promoted economic liberalization in the late 20th century.

  • In the late 20th century, revolutions in information and communications technology led to the growth of knowledge economies in some regions, while industrial production and manufacturing were increasingly situated in Asia and Latin America.

  • Changing economic institutions, multinational corporations, and regional trade agreements reflected the spread of principles and practices associated with free-market economics throughout the world.

  • Arts, entertainment, and popular culture increasingly reflected the influence of a globalized society. ​

  • Consumer culture became globalized and transcended national borders.

  • ​Responses to rising cultural and economic globalization took a variety of forms.​​​Rights-based discourses challenged old assumptions about race, class, gender, and religion.

  • In much of the world, access to education as well as participation in new political and professional roles became more inclusive in terms of race, class, gender, and religion.

  • Movements throughout the world protested the inequality of the environmental and economic consequences of global integration.​
    ​

  • In the late 20th century, revolutions in information and communications technology led to the growth of knowledge economies in some regions, while industrial production and manufacturing were increasingly situated in Asia and Latin America.

Global Economic and Cultural Networks

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Starbucks and McDonald's global footprint, c. 2003. By the early 21st century, fast food corporations were one of the most visible symbols of American Coca-colonization.
Commanding heights de Dave Phillips
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the world's major free trade associations, c. 2018
The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership was signed between 15 countries representing about 1/3 of the global population and 30% of GWP in November 2020 eclipsing trading blocs in North America and Europe. 
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In many parts of Africa and the Middle East, women have fewer economic rights than men. Some states do not even allow women the right to own property.
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Gender equality is more valued in Western nations than in many parts of Asia and Africa.
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Global Economic and Cultural Networks
  • global economy
  • gross domestic product (GDP)
  • gross world product (GWP)
  • free market
  • command economy
  • primary sector
  • secondary sector
  • tertiary sector
  • knowledge economies
  • Bretton Woods system
  • isolationism
  • protectionism
  • tariffs
  • ​free trade
  • exchange rate
  • Keynesian economics
  • John Maynard Keynes
  • Economic Miracle
  • developed nations
  • developing nation
  • modernization
  • decolonization
  • ​neocolonial economy
  • Nixon Shock
  • stagflation
  • Austrian economics
  • ​Friedrich Hayek
  • deregulation
  • Reaganomics
  • Thatcherism
  • nationalization
  • ​privatization
  • Four Modernizations
  • Shock Therapy
  • Russian oligarchs
  • World Trade Organization
  • multinational corporation
  • Fortune 500
  • ICBC
  • Berkshire Hathaway
  • BP
  • Exxon Mobil
  • Royal Dutch Shell
  • Saudi Aramco
  • Toyota
  • Honda
  • Mahindra & Mahindra
  • Volkswagen
  • Nestle
  • Walmart
  • eBay
  • economies of scale
  • purchasing power
  • supply-chaining
  • capital flight
  • outsourcing
  • offshoring
  • race to the bottom
  • tax havens
  • franchising
  • child labor
  • human trafficking
  • fair trade
  • cultural imperialism
  • Westernization
  • Coca-Colonization
  • ​materialism
  • acculturation
  • Americanization
  • individualism
  • collectivism
  • ethnicity
  • ​race
  • ethnocentrism
  • misogyny
  • feminism
  • homophobia
  • xenophobia
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Article: Are we really prisoners of geography?
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Global Economic and Cultural Networks Quizlet

Global Transportation, Communication and Technology Networks

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global shipping routes, c. 1920
Article: A German imperialist paved the way for China to revive the “Silk Road”
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European high-speed rail network
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traffic jam at a checkpoint on the 50-lane wide G4 Beijing-Hong Kong-Macau Expressway in China, 2015
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From 1976 to 2003, the supersonic Concorde flew passengers across the Atlantic. With seating for up to 128, wealthy elites traveled from New York to London in a record 2 hours, 52 minutes, 59 seconds, or 1250 mph. Round-trip tickets cost $7,995 in 1997.
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A network of satellites orbiting Earth in space relay data transmissions  to allow near-instantaneous global communication.
Global Transportation, Communication and Technology Networks
  • Henry Ford
  • Big Three
  • air travel
  • Pan American
  • V-2 ballistic missiles
  • Wernher von Braun
  • Airbus
  • Boeing
  • Concorde
  • Elon Musk
  • Space X
  • Tesla
  • high-speed rail
  • maglev
  • hyperloop
  • flying car
  • jetpack
  • hoverboard
  • intermodal shipping containers
  • Panama Canal
  • Chunnel
  • Gotthard Base Tunnel
  • Danyang-Kunshan Grand Bridge
  • Guglielmo Marconi
  • Hellschreiber
  • television
  • Alan Turing
  • Konrad Zuse
  • satellites
  • Sputnik I
  • Telstar I
  • fiber optics
  • Advanced Research Projects Agency Network
  • personal computer
  • Bill Gates
  • Steve Jobs
  • World Wide Web
  • cellular communication
  • Martin Cooper
  • Motorola DynaTAC
  • Nokia
  • submarine cables
  • social media
  • Big Tech
  • Alphabet
  • Google
  • YouTube
  • Apple
  • Facebook
  • Samsung
  • AT&T
  • Amazon
  • Alibaba
  • Bitcoin
In 2021, the massive Ever Given, capable of carrying 20,000 shipping containers, blocked the Suez Canal for six days. Each hour caused an estimate $400 million in shipping delays.
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A network of fiber optic submarine communications cables carry digital data around the world as shown in this retro-style map from 2015.
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routes flown by the top seven airlines by international passenger distance flown, c. 2010
Global Transportation, Communication and Technology Networks Quizlet

Modern Food and Medicine

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  • The Green Revolution and commercial agriculture increased productivity and sustained the earth’s growing population as it spread chemically and genetically modified forms of agriculture.

  • Medical innovations, including vaccines and antibiotics, increased the ability of humans to survive and live longer lives.

  • ​​​Diseases, as well as medical and scientific developments, had significant effects on populations around the world.
    ​
  • Diseases associated with poverty persisted while other diseases emerged as new epidemics and threats to human populations, in some cases leading to social disruption. These outbreaks spurred technological and medical advances. Some diseases occurred at higher incidence merely because of increased longevity.
    ​
  • More effective forms of birth control gave women greater control over fertility, transformed reproductive practices, and contributed to declining rates of fertility in much of the world.

Modern Food Production and Human Reproduction

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Despite a Green Revolution that has led to vastly greater global food production, many in developing nations suffer food insecurity.
A growth in global population and greater global prosperity has created higher demand for meat, fish, and dairy products.
Increased food production has an environmental cost, especially for animal-based products.
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Modern Food Production and Human Reproduction
  • food security
  • subsistence farming
  • slash-and-burn agriculture
  • Green Revolution
  • Norman Borlaug
  • monoculture
  • multiple cropping
  • genetically modified organism (GMO)
  • high-yield variety crops
  • agrochemicals
  • ​eutrophication
  • environmental impact of meat production
  • global meat consumption
  • plant-based meat
  • aquaculture
  • Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
  • Monsanto
  • Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
  • Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research
  • International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center
  • International Rice Research Institute
  • Africa Rice Center
  • Svalbard Global Seed Vault
  • United States Agency of International Development
  • Comstock Laws
  • eugenics
  • forced sterilization
  • Margaret Sanger
  • Planned Parenthood Federation of America
  • Baby Boom
  • La Leche League
  • contraception
  • Enovid
  • Sexual Revolution
  • Abortion Law Reform Association
  • Neuwirth Law
  • Roe v. Wade
  • Decree 770
  • Chinese One-Child Policy
  • population growth rate
  • Malthusian catastrophe
  • in vitro fertilization
  • test tube baby
  • three-parent in vitro fertilization​​
Article: How many people can Earth handle?
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Modern Food Production and
​Human Reproduction Quizlet

Modern Medicine

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Treatment of horrific combat wounds inflicted during the World Wars led to major advances in plastic surgery, prosthetic devices, and antibiotics. 
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X-rays, ultrasounds, CAT scans, and MRIs have provided doctors great insight on their patients.
Medical science made miracle breakthroughs during the 20th century, including the development of new vaccines, discovery of DNA, eradication of smallpox, successful animal cloning, and mapping of the human genome.
Humanity continues to be plagued by new epidemics and pandemics.
Modern Medicine
  • Elizabeth Blackwell
  • medical imaging
  • Wilhelm Rontgen
  • electrocardiography
  • blood analysis
  • diphtheria
  • Emil Von Behring
  • phossy jaw
  • cholera
  • tuberculosis
  • Robert Koch
  • yellow fever
  • Walter Reed
  • malaria
  • typhus
  • 1918 influenza pandemic
  • Alzheimer disease
  • aspirin
  • acetaminophen
  • ibuprofen
  • cytopathology
  • antibiotics
  • penicillin
  • Alexander Fleming
  • Gerhard Domagk
  • anesthesia
  • chemotherapy
  • water fluoridation
  • Maurice Hilleman
  • British National Health Service
  • chlorpromazine
  • John Heysham Gibbon
  • DNA
  • James Watson and Francis Crick
  • polio
  • iron lung
  • Jonas Salk
  • smallpox eradication
  • organ transplants
  • biotechnology
  • Rudolf Jaenisch
  • Genentech
  • Ebola
  • immunotherapy
  • AIDS epidemic
  • Human Genome Project
  • Dolly the sheep
  • stem cell therapy
  • CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing
  • Zika virus
  • COVID-19 pandemic
  • heart disease​
Modern Medicine Quizlet

Energy and Climate Change

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  • ​​​Energy technologies, including the use of petroleum and nuclear power, raised productivity and increased the production of material goods.

  • ​As human activity contributed to deforestation, desertification, a decline in air quality, and increased consumption of the world’s supply of fresh water, humans competed over these and other resources more intensely than ever before.​
    ​

  • The release of greenhouse gases and pollutants into the atmosphere contributed to debates about the nature and causes of climate change.

Energy

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Fossil fuels - oil, gas, and coal - powered humanity's remarkable growth during the 20th century.
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The harnessing of nuclear energy has been one of humankind's greatest scientific achievements.
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Solar and wind power production in 2021
During the 21st century, there has been increased investment in clean, renewable sources of energy, including solar and wind power.
Energy
  • electrical grid
  • smart grid
  • fossil fuels
  • coal mining
  • petroleum
  • peak oil
  • natural gas
  • oil and natural gas pipelines
  • atomic bombs
  • Manhattan Project
  • hydrogen bomb
  • Operation Ivy
  • CERN
  • particle accelerator
  • Large Hadron Collider
  • nuclear power
  • Chernobyl disaster
  • Fukushima Daiichi accident
  • renewable energy
  • solar power
  • wind power
  • London Array
  • hydroelectric power
  • Three Gorges Dam
  • geothermal energy
  • biofuels
  • energy security
  • energy independence
  • electric vehicles
  • wireless power transfer
Energy Quizlet

Climate Change

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The Soviet Union began draining the Aral Sea in the 1960s to irrigate crops.
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the man-made Palm Jumeirah island in Dubai, UAE
Modern development has reshaped Earth. The dominant influence of human activity on the environment has led scientists to name the current geologic age the Anthropocene.
Global warming has led to more frequent and intense weather events, including wildfires, floods, droughts, and hurricanes.
The dire threat presented by climate change has caused architects to dream of more sustainable models of development for cities of the future.
Climate Change
  • global warming
  • greenhouse effect
  • carbon dioxide
  • methane 
  • Joseph Fourier 
  • John Tyndall
  • Svante Arrhenius 
  • Great Acceleration
  • Anthropocene
  • The Great Smog
  • Norman Phillips
  • Club of Rome
  • Cuyahoga River Fire
  • Earth Day
  • Clean Air Act
  • ozone depletion
  • chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
  • Montreal Protocol
  • Earth Summit
  • UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
  • Kyoto Protocol
  • An Inconvenient Truth
  • Copenhagen Accord
  • Paris Agreement
  • Extinction Rebellion
  • Greta Thunberg
  • Australian bushfires
  • climate change denial
  • habitat destruction
  • biodiversity loss
  • deforestation
  • desertification
  • ocean acidification
  • ecological collapse
  • pit mining
  • mountaintop removal mining
  • fracking
  • plastic pollution
  • Great Pacific Garbage Patch
  • permafrost thawing
  • ​acid rain
  • sea level rise
  • water scarcity
  • aquifers
  • Ogallala Aquifer
  • Aral Sea drainage
  • extreme weather
  • storm intensification
  • El Niño
  • La Niña 
  • environmental migration
  • carbon sequestration
  • sustainability
Climate Change Quizlet
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© COPYRIGHT 2022.
  • acc. PHILLIPS
  • America
    • Introduction
      • Course Overview
      • Policies
      • Essential Documents
    • 1492-1754
      • Colonization
    • 1754-1848
      • Revolution
      • Constitution
      • Expansion
    • 1848-1898
      • The Civil War
      • The Gilded Age
    • 1898-1945
      • The American Empire
      • The Great Depression
      • The Second World War
    • 1945-1991
      • The Early Cold War
      • The Great Society
      • The Late Cold War
    • 1991-Today
      • The Culture Wars
      • The War on Terror
  • Europe
    • Introduction
    • 1200-1450
    • 1450-1648
      • Renaissance
      • Reformation
      • Exploration
      • Links
      • Assignments
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Rick Steves Videos
        • Assorted Videos
      • Slideshows
    • 1648-1815
      • Sovereignty
      • Commerce
      • Reason
      • Revolution
      • Links
      • Readings and Assignments
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Assorted Videos
      • Slideshows
    • 1815-1914
      • Industry
      • Ideology
      • Empire
      • Modernity
      • Links
      • Readings and Assignments
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Assorted Videos
      • Slideshows
    • 1914-Today
      • WWI
      • WWII
      • Cold War
      • EU
      • Links
      • Assignments and Readings
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Assorted Videos
      • Slideshows
  • World
    • Ancient
    • Modern
      • Introduction
        • Course Overview
        • Policies
        • Essential Documents
        • Exam
      • 1200-1450
        • Asia
        • Africa
        • Europe
        • Americas
        • Trade
      • 1450-1750
        • Discovery
        • Maritime Empires
        • Land Empires
      • 1750-1900
        • Revolutions
        • Industrialization
        • Imperialism
      • 1900-Today
        • World Wars
        • Postwar World
        • Globalization
  • Research
  • Resources
  • About
  • Contact