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  • acc. PHILLIPS
  • America
    • Introduction
      • Course Overview
      • Policies
      • Essential Documents
    • 1492-1754
      • Colonization
    • 1754-1848
      • Revolution
      • Constitution
      • Expansion
    • 1848-1898
      • The Civil War
      • The Gilded Age
    • 1898-1945
      • The American Empire
      • The Great Depression
      • The Second World War
    • 1945-1991
      • The Early Cold War
      • The Great Society
      • The Late Cold War
    • 1991-Today
      • The Culture Wars
      • The War on Terror
  • Europe
    • Introduction
    • 1200-1450
    • 1450-1648
      • Renaissance
      • Reformation
      • Exploration
      • Links
      • Assignments
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Rick Steves Videos
        • Assorted Videos
      • Slideshows
    • 1648-1815
      • Sovereignty
      • Commerce
      • Reason
      • Revolution
      • Links
      • Readings and Assignments
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Assorted Videos
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      • Empire
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        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
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      • WWII
      • Cold War
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      • Links
      • Assignments and Readings
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Assorted Videos
      • Slideshows
  • World
    • Ancient
    • Modern
      • Introduction
        • Course Overview
        • Policies
        • Essential Documents
        • Exam
      • 1200-1450
        • Asia
        • Africa
        • Europe
        • Americas
        • Trade
      • 1450-1750
        • Discovery
        • Maritime Empires
        • Land Empires
      • 1750-1900
        • Revolutions
        • Industrialization
        • Imperialism
      • 1900-Today
        • World Wars
        • Postwar World
        • Globalization
  • Research
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  • About
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Global Interactions,
​c. 1450-1750

Maritime Empires

c. 1450-1750

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Contents


Maritime Empires, c. 1450-1750
  • Objectives
  • Great Britain
    • ​The Kingdoms of England and Scotland
    • The United Kingdom
  • The Dutch Republic
  • Bourbon France
  • Ming and Qing China
  • Tokugawa Japan
  • African Kingdoms and the African Diaspora

Objectives

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  • ​​​Explain the process of state building and expansion among various empires and states in the period from 1450 to 1750.

  • Explain the continuities and changes in economic systems and labor systems from 1450 to 1750.

  • ​Explain changes and continuities in systems of slavery in the period from 1450 to 1750.

  • ​​​Explain how rulers employed economic strategies to consolidate and maintain power throughout the period from 1450 to 1750.

  • ​Explain the continuities and changes in networks of exchange from 1450 to 1750.

  • ​Explain how political, economic, and cultural factors affected society from 1450 to 1750.
    ​

  • ​Explain the similarities and differences in how various belief systems affected societies from 1450 to 1750.
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Great Britain

The Kingdoms of England and Scotland

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Henry VIII in 1540, by Hans Holbein the Younger
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Elizabeth I by Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger, 1592
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Virginea Pars map depicting the location of the Roanoke colony in 1585 along the coastline of present-day North Carolina.
Article: Why Oliver Cromwell may have been Britain's greatest ever general - new analysis of battle reports
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  • Northern Atlantic crossings were undertaken under English, French, and Dutch sponsorship, often with the goal of finding alternative sailing routes to Asia.

  • Europeans established new trading posts in Africa and Asia, which proved profitable for the rulers and merchants involved in new global trade networks. Some Asian states sought to limit the disruptive economic and cultural effects of European-dominated long-distance trade by adopting restrictive or isolationist trade policies.​
    ​
  • Driven largely by political, religious, and economic rivalries, European states established new maritime empires, including the Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, French, and British.

  • The growth of the plantation economy increased the demand for slaves in the Americas, leading to significant demographic, social, and cultural changes.​
audio pronunciation guide:
  • British empire
  • Tudor dynasty
  • Henry VIII of England (r. 1509-1547)
  • Elizabeth I of England (r. 1558-1603)
  • Spanish Armada
  • Stuart dynasty
  • James I (r. 1603–1625)
  • Jamestown, Virginia
  • Plymouth colony
  • Southern colonies
  • New England colonies
  • Middle colonies
  • triangular trade
  • tobacco
  • proletariat
  • indentured servitude
  • divine right of kings
  • absolutist monarchy
  • constitutional monarchy
  • Parliament
  • Charles I (r. 1625–1649)​​
  • English Civil War
  • Royalist Cavaliers
  • Parliamentary Roundheads​
  • Oliver Cromwell​​
  • Commonwealth of England
  • mercantilism
  • tariffs
  • ​English Navigation Acts (1651)​
  • Anglo-Dutch Wars (1660–1678)
  • New Netherland/New York
  • Beaver Wars
  • ​Stuart Restoration​
  • Charles II (r. 1660–1685)
  • Exclusion crisis
  • Whigs
  • Tories
  • James II (r. 1685–1688)
  • Glorious Revolution (1688)
  • William III and Mary II
  • English Bill of Rights
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The development of british constitutional monarchy from Dave Phillips
England and Scotland

The United Kingdom

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George I (1714–1727)
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Lord Clive of the East India Company meeting his ally Mir Jafar after their decisive victory at the Battle of Plassey in 1757
  • ​​Mercantilist policies and practices were used by European rulers to expand and control their economies and claim overseas territories. Joint-stock companies, influenced by these mercantilist principles, were used by rulers and merchants to finance exploration and were used by rulers to compete against one another in global trade.

  • Economic disputes led to rivalries and conflict between states.
    ​
  • The Atlantic trading system involved the movement of goods, wealth, and labor, including slaves
​audio pronunciation guide:
  • ​The Act of Union (1707)
  • United Kingdom of Great Britain
  • War of Spanish Succession
  • Treaty of Utrecht (1713)
  • asiento​
  • Hanoverian dynasty​​
  • George I (r. 1714-1724)
  • prime minister
  • Cabinet
  • Robert Walpole​
  • Carnatic Wars (1746-63)​
  • British East India Company​
  • battle of Plassey (1757)
  • Seven Years’/French and Indian War (1756–1763)​
  • William Pitt the Elder
  • Calcutta
  • Treaty of Paris (1763)
  • Terra Australis Incognita
  • James Cook
  • Adam Smith - Wealth of Nations
  • ​Thomas Peters
Article: British Empire
​
Picture
The United Kingdom of Great Britain

The Dutch Republic

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Picture
Dutch fleet
Picture
Rembrandt, The Night Watch (1642)
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Dutch plantation owner and slave in Suriname, c. 1792–1794
  • Northern Atlantic crossings were undertaken under English, French, and Dutch sponsorship, often with the goal of finding alternative sailing routes to Asia.

  • Europeans established new trading posts in Africa and Asia, which proved profitable for the rulers and merchants involved in new global trade networks. Some Asian states sought to limit the disruptive economic and cultural effects of European-dominated long-distance trade by adopting restrictive or isolationist trade policies.​
    ​
  • Driven largely by political, religious, and economic rivalries, European states established new maritime empires, including the Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, French, and British.
audio pronunciation guide:
  • Dutch republic​​
  • Dutch Golden Age
  • capitalism
  • mass consumerism
  • core nations
  • joint-stock company
  • spice trade​
  • Dutch East India Company (VOC)
  • Dutch East Indies
  • Batavia
  • ​Jan Pieterszoon Coen
  • Abel Tasman
  • central bank
  • Bank of Amsterdam
  • stock
  • bond
  • Amsterdam Stock Exchange
  • Dutch religious tolerance​
  • Cape Colony
  • Boers
  • Suriname
  • New Netherland
  • Anglo-Dutch Wars (1660–1678)
  • ​Franco-Dutch War (1672–1678)
  • “Year of Disaster”​
  • William of Orange ​
The Dutch Republic

Bourbon France

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Picture
Louis XIV, the Sun King (r. 1643–1715)​
The Palace and Gardens of Versailles were built to awe French nobility. They were widely imitated in palaces built by other European monarchs.
Picture
Seaport at sunset (1639) by French painter Claude Lorrain
Picture
  • Northern Atlantic crossings were undertaken under English, French, and Dutch sponsorship, often with the goal of finding alternative sailing routes to Asia.

  • Europeans established new trading posts in Africa and Asia, which proved profitable for the rulers and merchants involved in new global trade networks. Some Asian states sought to limit the disruptive economic and cultural effects of European-dominated long-distance trade by adopting restrictive or isolationist trade policies.​
    ​
  • Driven largely by political, religious, and economic rivalries, European states established new maritime empires, including the Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, French, and British.
audio pronunciation guide:
  • Bourbon dynasty
  • French Wars of Religion
  • Huguenots
  • Edict of Nantes​​
  • Cardinal Richelieu
  • absolute monarchy
  • intendants​
  • The Fronde (1648–1653)​
  • Louis XIV, the Sun King of France (r. 1643–1715)​
  • Palace of Versailles
  • ​Jean-Baptiste Colbert
  • mercantilism
  • Edict of Fontainebleau (1685)​​
  • universal kingship
  • balance of power
  • War of Spanish Succession (1701–1713)
  • Treaty of Utrecht (1713)​​
  • Saint Domingue
  • ​New France
  • Canada
  • French India
  • fur trade
  • Louisiana
  • Beaver Wars
  • Carnatic Wars
  • Seven Years' War
  • Treaty of Paris of 1763
Article: The French Expedition That Shaped the Earth
Picture
Picture
Bourbon France
The Maritime Empires of Early Modern Europe.pdf from Dave Phillips

Ming & Qing China

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Picture
The Forbidden City as depicted in a Ming dynasty painting
Picture
The Great Wall was built during the Ming dynasty.
Picture
Kangxi Emperor in Court Dress
Article: 5 Significant People Who Shaped Ming China
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  • Despite some disruption and restructuring due to the arrival of Portuguese, Spanish, and Dutch merchants, existing trade networks in the Indian Ocean continued to flourish and included intra-Asian trade and Asian merchants.

  • Political and religious disputes led to rivalries and conflict between states.
    ​
  • Recruitment and use of bureaucratic elites, as well as the development of military professionals, became more common among rulers who wanted to maintain centralized control over their populations and resources.

  • Rulers continued to use religious ideas, art, and monumental architecture to legitimize their rule.
    ​
  • Rulers used tribute collection, tax farming, and innovative tax-collection systems to generate revenue in order to forward state power and expansion.

  • Imperial conquests and widening global economic opportunities contributed to the formation of new political and economic elites, including in China with the transition to the Qing Dynasty.
audio pronunciation guide:
  • Ming dynasty China
  • Hongwu
  • mandarins
  • eunuchs
  • Yongle
  • Yongle Encyclopedia
  • Forbidden City
  • kowtow
  • Hanlin Academy
  • Zheng He
  • Haijin/Chinese isolation
  • jiajing wokou
  • Macao
  • Guangzhou/Canton
  • Matteo Ricci
  • True Meaning of the Lord in Heaven
  • Adam Schall
  • Ming Great Wall
  • Wanli
  • Manchu
  • Nurhaci
  • Eight Banners
  • Chongzhen​
  • Qing dynasty
  • Kangxi
  • Kangxi Dictionary
  • Qianlong
  • Complete Library of the Four Treasuries
  • The Romance of the Three Kingdoms
  • The Dream of the Red Chamber
  • Journey to the West
​Article: Qing Dynasty
Picture
Ming and Qing China

Tokugawa Japan

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Picture
Tokugawa Ieyasu
Picture
Miyamoto Musashi, sword-saint of Japan, killing a giant creature, from The Book of Five Rings.
Article: Iron Sand to Honed Steel: How to Make a Real Katana Samurai Sword
Picture
Despite some disruption and restructuring due to the arrival of Portuguese, Spanish, and Dutch merchants, existing trade networks in the Indian Ocean continued to flourish and included intra-Asian trade and Asian merchants.
audio pronunciation guide:
  • samurai/bushi
  • ​Bushido
  • shogun
  • daimyo
  • seppuku
  • bakufu​
  • Ashikaga Takuaji
  • Ashikaga Shogunate
  • sengoku
  • Himeji Castle
  • "thinning out the rice shoots"
  • Oda Nobunaga
  • Toyotomi Hideyoshi
  • Tokugawa Ieyasu
  • Tokugawa shogunate
  • Edo
  • alternate attendance
  • Francis Xavier
  • Fabian Fucan
  • Christovao Ferreira
  • Closed Country Policy​
  • Deshima
  • Rangaku (Dutch learning)
  • Kokukagu (School of National Learning)
  • ukiyo (floating worlds)
  • Ihara Saikaku
  • The Life of a Man Who Lived for Love
  • kabuki
  • bunraku

Article: The Amazing Story of Yasuke: The Forgotten African Samurai
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Article: How centuries of self-isolation turned Japan into one of the most sustainable societies on Earth
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History of Japan to 1868 CE.pdf from Dave Phillips
Tokugawa Japan

African Kingdoms and the African Diaspora

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Picture
Queen Nzinga
Picture
nomadic Khoikhoi dismantling their huts by Samuel Daniell (1805)
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major Atlantic slave trading regions of Africa, 15th–19th centuries
Picture
diagram of a slave ship from the Atlantic slave trade
Article: The Gold Coast King Who Fought the Might of Europe’s Slave Traders
Picture
  • Slavery in Africa continued in its traditional forms, including incorporation of slaves into households and the export of slaves to the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean regions.
    ​
  • The expansion of maritime trading networks fostered the growth of states in Africa, including the Asante and the Kingdom of the Kongo, whose participation in trading networks led to an increase in their influence.

  • Some notable gender and family restructuring occurred, including demographic changes in Africa that resulted from the slave trades.

  • The Atlantic trading system involved the movement of labor—including slaves—and the mixing of African, American, and European cultures and peoples, with all parties contributing to this cultural synthesis. 
    ​
  • ​​In some cases, the increase and intensification of interactions between newly connected hemispheres expanded the reach and furthered development of existing religions, and contributed to religious conflicts and the development of syncretic belief systems and practices.
audio pronunciation guide:
  • ​manioc
  • Nzinga Mvemba
  • Antonian movement
  • Dona Beatriz
  • Luanda
  • Ndongo (Angola)
  • Queen Nzinga
  • Oyo empire
  • Dahomey
  • Asante Empire
  • Osei Tutu
  • asantehene
  • Kanem-Bornu empire
  • ​Luo
  • Fulani
  • Khoikhoi
  • Great Trek
  • Zulu
  • Shaka
  • mfecane
  • Swazi
  • Lesotho
  • African diaspora
  • Islamic slave trade
  • factories
  • Sao Jorge da Mina/Elmina
  • Atlantic slave trade
  • Middle Passage
  • Royal African Company
  • asiento
  • saltwater slaves
  • Creole slaves
  • Indies piece
  • obeah
  • candomble
  • Vodun
  • Santeria
  • Creole languages
  • Gullah/Geechee
  • quiloambo
  • Palmares
  • ​Suriname
  • Olaudah Equiano
  • William Wilberforce
Article: Five Things They Don’t Tell You about Slavery
Picture
Article: The Real Warriors Behind 'The Woman King'
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African Kingdoms and the African Diaspora
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© COPYRIGHT 2022.
  • acc. PHILLIPS
  • America
    • Introduction
      • Course Overview
      • Policies
      • Essential Documents
    • 1492-1754
      • Colonization
    • 1754-1848
      • Revolution
      • Constitution
      • Expansion
    • 1848-1898
      • The Civil War
      • The Gilded Age
    • 1898-1945
      • The American Empire
      • The Great Depression
      • The Second World War
    • 1945-1991
      • The Early Cold War
      • The Great Society
      • The Late Cold War
    • 1991-Today
      • The Culture Wars
      • The War on Terror
  • Europe
    • Introduction
    • 1200-1450
    • 1450-1648
      • Renaissance
      • Reformation
      • Exploration
      • Links
      • Assignments
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Rick Steves Videos
        • Assorted Videos
      • Slideshows
    • 1648-1815
      • Sovereignty
      • Commerce
      • Reason
      • Revolution
      • Links
      • Readings and Assignments
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Assorted Videos
      • Slideshows
    • 1815-1914
      • Industry
      • Ideology
      • Empire
      • Modernity
      • Links
      • Readings and Assignments
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Assorted Videos
      • Slideshows
    • 1914-Today
      • WWI
      • WWII
      • Cold War
      • EU
      • Links
      • Assignments and Readings
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Assorted Videos
      • Slideshows
  • World
    • Ancient
    • Modern
      • Introduction
        • Course Overview
        • Policies
        • Essential Documents
        • Exam
      • 1200-1450
        • Asia
        • Africa
        • Europe
        • Americas
        • Trade
      • 1450-1750
        • Discovery
        • Maritime Empires
        • Land Empires
      • 1750-1900
        • Revolutions
        • Industrialization
        • Imperialism
      • 1900-Today
        • World Wars
        • Postwar World
        • Globalization
  • Research
  • Resources
  • About
  • Contact