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  • acc. PHILLIPS
  • America
    • I: Early America
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    • II: Modern America
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  • acc. PHILLIPS
  • America
    • I: Early America
      • Course Info
      • 1492-1763
      • 1763-1783
      • 1783-1789
      • 1789-1815
      • 1815-1849
      • 1850-1865
      • 1865-1877
    • II: Modern America
      • Course Info
      • 1865-1890
        • The Western Frontier
        • The Gilded Age
      • 1890-1920
        • Progressivism
        • Imperialism & the First World War
      • 1920-1941
        • The Roaring Twenties
        • The Great Depression
      • 1941-1962
        • The Second World War
        • The Early Cold War
      • 1950-1975
        • The Great Society
        • The Vietnam War
      • 1968-1991
        • The Late Cold War
        • Pop Culture
      • 1991-Today
        • The Culture Wars
        • The War on Terror
  • Europe
    • Course Info
    • 1200-1450
    • 1450-1648
      • Renaissance
      • Reformation
      • Exploration
      • Links
      • Assignments
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Rick Steves Videos
        • Assorted Videos
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    • 1648-1815
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Exploration,
​c. 1450-1648

Picture
From the 15th through the 17th centuries, Europeans used their mastery of the seas to extend their power in Africa, Asia, and the Americas. ​ ... In Europe, these successes shifted economic power within Europe ​from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic states. 

Exploration,
c. 1450-1648

From the 15th through the 17th centuries, Europeans used their mastery of the seas to extend their power in Africa, Asia, and the Americas. In the 15th century, the Portuguese sought direct access by sea to the sources of African gold, ivory, and slaves. At the same time, the rise of Ottoman power in the eastern Mediterranean led to Ottoman control of the Mediterranean trade routes and increased the motivation of Iberians and then northern Europeans to explore possible sea routes to the east. The success and consequences of these explorations, and the maritime expansion that followed them, rested on European adaptation of Muslim and Chinese navigational technology as well as advances in military technology and cartography.
 
Political, economic, and religious rivalries among Europeans also stimulated maritime expansion. By the 17th century, Europeans had forged a global trade network that gradually edged out earlier Muslim and Chinese dominion in the Indian Ocean and the western Pacific. In Europe, these successes shifted economic power within Europe from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic states. In Asia, the Portuguese, Spanish, and Dutch competed for control of trade routes and trading stations. In the Americas, the Spanish and Portuguese led in the establishment of colonies, followed by the Dutch, French, and English. The pursuit of colonies was sustained by mercantilist economic theory, which promoted government management of economic imperatives and policies.
 
The creation of maritime empires was also animated by the religious fervor sweeping Europe during the Catholic and Protestant reformations. Global European expansion led to the conversion of indigenous populations in South and Central America, to an exchange of commodities and crops that enriched European and other civilizations that became part of the global trading network, and eventually to encounters and relationships that would have profound effects on Europe. The Columbian Exchange also unleashed several ecological disasters—notably the death of vast numbers of the Americas’ population in epidemics of European diseases, such as smallpox and measles, against which the native populations had no defenses. The new Atlantic trading system led to the establishment of the plantation system in the American colonies and the vast expansion of the African slave trade.
​

Source: https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/pdf/ap-european-history-course-and-exam-description.pdf

Late Medieval Eurasian Trade

Picture
A close up of the Catalan Atlas depicting Marco Polo travelling to the East during the Pax Mongolica.
  • economic impact of the Crusades
  • Pax Mongolica (1200s–1300s)
  • Giovanna da Pian del Carpine
  • Marco Polo (Travels, 1291)
  • Travels of John Mandeville
  • Ptolemy’s Geography
  • economic impact of the bubonic plague
  • economic impact of Mongol collapse
  • economic impact of Ottoman conquest of Constantinople (1453)

Early Banking and Trade

Picture
Jakob Fugger was one of the wealthiest individuals in history,  rivaling John D. Rockefeller and Andrew Carnegie. The file cabinet shows European cities where the Fugger Bank did business. (1517)
  • usury
  • Court Jews
  • Bills of exchange
  • Medici family bank (1397)
  • Luca Pacioli
  • double-entry bookkeeping
  • Jakob Fugger
  • Welser family
  • The London Royal Exchange (1571)
  • Dutch East India Company (1602)
  • Amsterdam Stock Exchange
  • Bank of Amsterdam (1609)
  • central bank
  • Tulipmania (1637)
  • speculative investment bubble
  • Hanseatic League
  • Lübeck
Picture
Lübeck, Germany, hub of the Hanseatic trading league in 1493

New Economic Elites

Picture
We represent the Lollipop Guild, the Lollipop Guild, the Lollipop Guild.
  • bourgeoisie (French bourgeoisie, German Burghers)
  • guilds
  • corporations
  • Molière - Bourgeois Gentleman (1670)
  • nobles of the robe
  • nobles of the sword  
  • English landed gentry
  • Spanish cabelleros (knights)
  • Spanish hidalgos
Banking and Trade in Early Modern Europe Quizlet
Late Medieval Eurasian Trade, Early Banking and Trade, and New Economic Elites

Sailing Technology

Picture
A Portuguese carrack as depicted in a map made in 1565.
  • magnetic compass
  • portolan navigational charts
  • quadrants
  • astrolabes
  • cog, carrack, and caravel type ships
  • stern-mounted rudders
  • lateen-rig sails
  • ship-mounted cannons 

The First Global Age

Picture
Victoria, the single ship to have completed the first world circumnavigation. (Detail from Maris Pacifici by Ortelius, 1589.)
  • The Age of Exploration
  • spread of Christianity
  • Columbian Exchange
  • Atlantic Economy
  • price revolution
  • growth of the bourgeoisie
  • consumer culture
  • African slave trade
  • Transatlantic slave trade
  • triangular trade
  • Middle Passage
  • plantations
  • mercantilism 
Sailing Technology and the First Global Age Quizlet

Portuguese Exploration and Empire

Picture
​Lines dividing the non-Christian world between Castile and Portugal
  • capture of Ceuta (1415)
  • Prince Henry the Navigator
  • Lost Christian kingdom of Prester John
  • Bartolomeu Dias - Cape of Good Hope (1488)
  • Vasco da Gama - Calicut, India (1498)
  • sugar plantations
  • Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)
  • Pedro Cabral - Brazil (1500)
  • Afonso de Albuquerque - Indian Ocean ports

Spanish Exploration and Empire

Picture
Picture
Picture
Left: Ferdinand II of Aragon married Isabella of Castile uniting the two most powerful Spanish kingdoms.  Right:  Aragorn II, heir to Isildur, united the kingdoms of Gondor and Arnor.
Picture
As a mullato slave, Juan de Pareja assisted famed painter Diego Velázquez who freed him the year Velázquez ​made this portrait of him.
  • Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella of Castile
  • Christopher Columbus - Caribbean (1492)
  • Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)
  • Rio de la Plata (1516)
  • Hernan Cortes - Aztec Empire (1519–1522)
  • Montezuma II
  • Mexico City
  • Viceroyalty of New Spain
  • Ferdinand Magellan and Juan Sebastián Elcano (1519–1522)
  • circumnavigation
  • Francisco Pizzaro - Incan Empire (1531–1535)
  • Athualpa
  • Cajamarca
  • Lima
  • Viceroyalty of Peru
  • Cerro Potosí
  • Buenos Aires (1536)
  • viceroys
  • audencias (royal courts)
  • encomiendas
  • conquistadors
  • Dominican, Franciscan, and Jesuit missions
  • sistema de castas
  • peninsulares
  • criollos
  • indios
  • negros
  • mestizos
  • mullatos
  • Bartolome de Las Casas
  • Amerigo Vespucci - Amazon River delta (1499)
  • Martin Waldseemüller
  • Juan Ponce de Léon - Florida (1513)
  • Fountain of Youth
  • Vasco Núñez de Balboa - Pacific Ocean via Panama (1513)
  • Hernando de Soto - American Southeast (1539-42)
  • Francisco Vázquez de Coronado - American Southwest (1539-42)
  • Seven Golden Cities of Cíbola
  • Francisco de Orellana - Amazon River basin (1539-42)
Portuguese and Spanish Exploration and Empire

French Exploration and Empire

Picture
Seaport at sunset (1639) by French painter Claude Lorrain
  • Giovanni da Verrazzano - North American coast (1524)
  • Jacques Cartier - St. Lawrence River (1534–1542)
  • Samuel de Champlain - Quebec City (1608)
  • Sieur de Maisonneuve - Montreal (1642)
  • New France
  • fur trade
  • Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette - Mississippi River (1673)
  • Robert de La Salle - Great Lakes and Mississippi valley
  • Sieur de Bienville - New Orleans (1718)
  • Caribbean: St. Domingue (Haiti), Guadeloupe, Martinique, St. Lucia

English Exploration and Empire

Picture
Statue of Walter Raleigh in Raleigh, North Carolina
Picture
Virginea Pars map depicting the location of the Roanoke colony in 1585 along the coastline of present-day North Carolina.
  • sea dogs
  • letters of marque
  • privateers
  • John Hawkins
  • Spanish Main
  • Francis Drake
  • Walter Raleigh - Roanoke (1584)
  • Raid on Cadiz, Spain (1587)
  • Battle of Gravelines (1588)
  • Virginia
  • Virginia Company
  • John Smith
  • Jamestown (1607)
  • John Rolfe
  • tobacco
  • New England
  • Pilgrims
  • Plymouth, Massachusetts (1620)
  • William Bradford
  • Mayflower Compact
  • John Winthrop (City Upon a Hill)
  • King Philip’s War (1675–1678)
  • Middle Colonies
  • Anglo-Dutch Wars
  • William Penn
  • Pennsylvania (1681)
  • Southern Colonies
  • George Calvert
  • Maryland (1632)
  • Carolinas
  • Lords Proprietors (1663)
  • Georgia
  • James Oglethorpe (1733)
  • East India Company (1600)
  • Bermuda (1609)
  • Newfoundland (1610)
  • Nova Scotia (1629–1632)
  • Hudson's Bay Company (1670)
  • Caribbean: Jamaica, Bahamas, Barbados, Nevis, St. Kitts, and Antigua
  • Caledonia in Panama (1695)
  • Treaty of Union (1707) 

Dutch Exploration and Empire

Picture
Dutch whalers near Spitsbergen (1690) by Abraham Storck
  • Willem Barentsz - Arctic Northeast Passage (1594–1597)
  • Henry Hudson - Hudson River Valley and Hudson Bay (1607–1611)
  • Pieter Pieterszoon Heyn
  • Abel Janszoon Tasman - Tasmania and New Zealand (1642–1644)
  • Dutch East India Company (1602)
  • multinational corporation
  • Dutch East Indies (capital Batavia)
  • Cape Colony (1652)
  • Caribbean: Aruba, Curaçao, and St. Maarten
  • New Netherland
  • Suriname
French, English, and Dutch Exploration and Empire

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  • acc. PHILLIPS
  • America
    • I: Early America
      • Course Info
      • 1492-1763
      • 1763-1783
      • 1783-1789
      • 1789-1815
      • 1815-1849
      • 1850-1865
      • 1865-1877
    • II: Modern America
      • Course Info
      • 1865-1890
        • The Western Frontier
        • The Gilded Age
      • 1890-1920
        • Progressivism
        • Imperialism & the First World War
      • 1920-1941
        • The Roaring Twenties
        • The Great Depression
      • 1941-1962
        • The Second World War
        • The Early Cold War
      • 1950-1975
        • The Great Society
        • The Vietnam War
      • 1968-1991
        • The Late Cold War
        • Pop Culture
      • 1991-Today
        • The Culture Wars
        • The War on Terror
  • Europe
    • Course Info
    • 1200-1450
    • 1450-1648
      • Renaissance
      • Reformation
      • Exploration
      • Links
      • Assignments
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Rick Steves Videos
        • Assorted Videos
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    • 1648-1815
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      • Reason
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      • 1200-1450
        • Asia
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        • Land Empires
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