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  • America
    • Introduction
      • Course Overview
      • Policies
      • Essential Documents
    • 1492-1754
      • Colonization
    • 1754-1848
      • Revolution
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      • Expansion
    • 1848-1898
      • The Civil War
      • The Gilded Age
    • 1898-1945
      • The American Empire
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    • 1991-Today
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      • The War on Terror
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    • 1450-1648
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        • John Green Videos
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        • John Green Videos
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        • John Green Videos
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    • Ancient
    • Modern
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        • Course Overview
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        • Essential Documents
        • Exam
      • 1200-1450
        • Asia
        • Africa
        • Europe
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        • Trade
      • 1450-1750
        • Discovery
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        • Land Empires
      • 1750-1900
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  • acc. PHILLIPS
  • America
    • Introduction
      • Course Overview
      • Policies
      • Essential Documents
    • 1492-1754
      • Colonization
    • 1754-1848
      • Revolution
      • Constitution
      • Expansion
    • 1848-1898
      • The Civil War
      • The Gilded Age
    • 1898-1945
      • The American Empire
      • The Great Depression
      • The Second World War
    • 1945-1991
      • The Early Cold War
      • The Great Society
      • The Late Cold War
    • 1991-Today
      • The Culture Wars
      • The War on Terror
  • Europe
    • Introduction
    • 1200-1450
    • 1450-1648
      • Renaissance
      • Reformation
      • Exploration
      • Links
      • Assignments
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Rick Steves Videos
        • Assorted Videos
      • Slideshows
    • 1648-1815
      • Sovereignty
      • Commerce
      • Reason
      • Revolution
      • Links
      • Readings and Assignments
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Assorted Videos
      • Slideshows
    • 1815-1914
      • Industry
      • Ideology
      • Empire
      • Modernity
      • Links
      • Readings and Assignments
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Assorted Videos
      • Slideshows
    • 1914-Today
      • WWI
      • WWII
      • Cold War
      • EU
      • Links
      • Assignments and Readings
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Assorted Videos
      • Slideshows
  • World
    • Ancient
    • Modern
      • Introduction
        • Course Overview
        • Policies
        • Essential Documents
        • Exam
      • 1200-1450
        • Asia
        • Africa
        • Europe
        • Americas
        • Trade
      • 1450-1750
        • Discovery
        • Maritime Empires
        • Land Empires
      • 1750-1900
        • Revolutions
        • Industrialization
        • Imperialism
      • 1900-Today
        • World Wars
        • Postwar World
        • Globalization
  • Research
  • Resources
  • About
  • Contact

Exploration,
​c. 1450-1648 CE

Picture
From the 15th through the 17th centuries, Europeans used their mastery of the seas to extend their power in Africa, Asia, and the Americas. ​ ... In Europe, these successes shifted economic power within Europe ​from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic states. 

Exploration,

c. 1450-1648 CE

From the 15th through the 17th centuries, Europeans used their mastery of the seas to extend their power in Africa, Asia, and the Americas. In the 15th century, the Portuguese sought direct access by sea to the sources of African gold, ivory, and slaves. At the same time, the rise of Ottoman power in the eastern Mediterranean led to Ottoman control of the Mediterranean trade routes and increased the motivation of Iberians and then northern Europeans to explore possible sea routes to the east. The success and consequences of these explorations, and the maritime expansion that followed them, rested on European adaptation of Muslim and Chinese navigational technology as well as advances in military technology and cartography.
 
Political, economic, and religious rivalries among Europeans also stimulated maritime expansion. By the 17th century, Europeans had forged a global trade network that gradually edged out earlier Muslim and Chinese dominion in the Indian Ocean and the western Pacific. In Europe, these successes shifted economic power within Europe from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic states. In Asia, the Portuguese, Spanish, and Dutch competed for control of trade routes and trading stations. In the Americas, the Spanish and Portuguese led in the establishment of colonies, followed by the Dutch, French, and English. The pursuit of colonies was sustained by mercantilist economic theory, which promoted government management of economic imperatives and policies.
 
The creation of maritime empires was also animated by the religious fervor sweeping Europe during the Catholic and Protestant reformations. Global European expansion led to the conversion of indigenous populations in South and Central America, to an exchange of commodities and crops that enriched European and other civilizations that became part of the global trading network, and eventually to encounters and relationships that would have profound effects on Europe. The Columbian Exchange also unleashed several ecological disasters—notably the death of vast numbers of the Americas’ population in epidemics of European diseases, such as smallpox and measles, against which the native populations had no defenses. The new Atlantic trading system led to the establishment of the plantation system in the American colonies and the vast expansion of the African slave trade.
​

Source: https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/pdf/ap-european-history-course-and-exam-description.pdf

Banking and Trade

 Objective: Explain European commercial and agricultural developments and their social and economic effects from 1450 to 1648.
  • Innovations in banking and finance promoted the growth of urban financial centers and a money economy. 
    ​
  • The price revolution contributed to the accumulation of capital and the expansion of the market economy through the commercialization of agriculture, which benefited large landowners in western Europe. 

  • Migrants to the cities challenged the ability of merchant elites and craft guilds to govern, and strained resources. 

  • Economic change produced new social patterns, while traditions of hierarchy and status continued.

  • The growth of commerce produced a new economic elite, which related to traditional landholding elites in different ways in Europe’s various geographic regions. 

Late Medieval Eurasian Trade

Picture
Picture
A close up of the Catalan Atlas depicting Marco Polo travelling to the East during the Pax Mongolica.
  • economic impact of the Crusades
  • Pax Mongolica
  • Giovanna da Pian del Carpine
  • Marco Polo (Travels)
  • Travels of John Mandeville
  • Ptolemy’s Geography
  • ​Vivladi brothers
  • economic impact of the bubonic plague, Mongol collapse, and the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople

Financial Institutions

Picture
Picture
Jakob Fugger was one of the wealthiest individuals in history,  rivaling John D. Rockefeller and Andrew Carnegie. The file cabinet shows European cities where the Fugger Bank did business. (1517)
  • usury
  • court Jews
  • bills of exchange
  • Medici family bank
  • Luca Pacioli
  • double-entry bookkeeping
  • Jakob Fugger
  • Welser family
  • London Royal Exchange
  • ​joint-stock company
  • Dutch East India Company
  • Amsterdam Stock Exchange
  • Bank of Amsterdam
  • central bank
  • Tulipmania
  • speculative investment bubble
  • Hanseatic League
  • Lübeck
Picture
Lübeck, Germany, hub of the Hanseatic trading league in 1493

New Economic Elites

Picture
We represent the Lollipop Guild, the Lollipop Guild, the Lollipop Guild.
  • bourgeoisie
  • guild
  • corporation
  • Molière (Bourgeois Gentleman)
  • nobles of the robe
  • nobles of the sword  
  • English landed gentry
  • Spanish cabelleros
  • Spanish hidalgos
Banking and Trade in Early Modern Europe Quizlet
Late Medieval Eurasian Trade, Early Banking and Trade, and New Economic Elites

The First Global Age

Objectives:
  1. Explain the motivations for and effects of European exploration and expansion from 1450 to 1648.
  2. Explain the technological factors that facilitated European exploration and expansion from 1450 to 1648.​
  3. Explain the causes for and the development of the slave trade.
Picture
Victoria, the single ship to have completed the first world circumnavigation. (Detail from Maris Pacifici by Ortelius, 1589.)
  • European states sought direct access to gold, spices, and luxury goods to enhance personal wealth and state power.

  • The rise of mercantilism gave the state a new role in promoting commercial development and the acquisition of colonies overseas.

  • Christianity was a stimulus for exploration as governments and religious authorities sought to spread the faith, and for some it served as a justification for the subjugation of indigenous civilizations.

  • The exchange of goods shifted the center of economic power in Europe from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic states and brought the latter into an expanding world economy.

  • The exchange of new plants, animals, and diseases—the Columbian Exchange—created economic opportunities for Europeans.

  • Europe’s colonial expansion led to a global exchange of goods, flora, fauna, cultural practices, and diseases, resulting in the destruction of some indigenous civilizations, a shift toward European dominance, and the expansion of the trade in enslaved persons.
     
  • Europeans expanded the trade of enslaved Africans in response to the establishment of a plantation economy in the Americas and demographic catastrophes among indigenous peoples.
Picture
A Portuguese carrack as depicted in a map made in 1565.
Picture
French astrolabe, 1400 CE
  • Hereford Mappa Mundi
  • Catalan Atlas
  • ​Age of Exploration
  • magnetic compass
  • portolan navigational charts
  • quadrants
  • astrolabes
  • cog
  • carrack
  • caravel 
  • stern-mounted rudders
  • lateen-rig sails
  • ship-mounted cannons
  • ​volta do mar
  • spread of Christianity
  • Columbian Exchange
  • Atlantic Economy
  • price revolution
  • growth of the bourgeoisie
  • consumer culture
  • African slave trade
  • Transatlantic slave trade
  • triangular trade
  • Middle Passage
  • plantations
  • mercantilism 
Picture
Sailing Technology and the First Global Age Quizlet

Exploration and Empire

Objectives:
  1. Explain the motivations for and effects of European exploration and expansion from 1450 to 1648.
  2. Explain how and why trading networks and colonial expansion affected relations between and among European states.
  3. Explain the social, cultural, and economic impacts of European colonial expansion and development of trade networks.
  • European states sought direct access to gold, spices, and luxury goods to enhance personal wealth and state power. 

  • Europeans established overseas empires and trade networks through coercion and negotiation. 

Portuguese

Picture
​The King's Fountain (c. 1570) depicts early globalization in Lisbon, Portugal. Trade goods from Japan and India are present. Around 10% of Lisbon's population had African ancestry found in all social classes. There are both black and white slaves present. Note the upper-class African knight in the lower right corner.
Picture
Picture
​Lines dividing the non-Christian world between Castile and Portugal
Picture
nautical chart of Portuguese cartographer Lázaro Luís, 1563
  • ​The Portuguese established a commercial network along the African coast, in South and East Asia, and in South America in the late 15th and throughout the 16th centuries. 
  • ​Prince Henry, the Navigator
  • Ceuta
  • Prester John
  • colonies
  • factories
  • Sao Jorge da Mina (Elmina)
  • Bartolomeu Dias
  • Cape of Good Hope
  • Treaty of Tordesillas
  • ​Asian sea trading network
  • Vasco da Gama
  • Calicut, India
  • Afonso de Albuquerque
  • Goa
  • Pedro Cabral
  • Brazil
  • captaincies
  • sugar plantations
  • engenho

Spanish

Picture
Depiction of Taino encountering Christopher Columbus​, engraving, ca. 1594, by Theodor de Bry
Picture
Picture
Picture
Left: Ferdinand II of Aragon married Isabella of Castile uniting the two most powerful Spanish kingdoms.  Right:  Aragorn II, heir to Isildur, united the kingdoms of Gondor and Arnor.
Picture
As a mullato slave, Juan de Pareja assisted famed painter Diego Velázquez who freed him the year Velázquez ​made this portrait of him.
  • The Spanish established colonies across the Americas, the Caribbean, and the Pacific, which made Spain a dominant state in Europe in the 16th century. 
  • Ferdinand II of Aragon
  • Isabella of Castile
  • conquistadors
  • Christopher Columbus
  • Spanish Caribbean
  • Hispaniola
  • Taino
  • Columbian Exchange​
  • smallpox
  • Bartolome de Las Casas
  • Amerigo Vespucci
  • Martin Waldseemüller
  • Rio de la Plata
  • Ferdinand Magellan
  • Juan Sebastián Elcano
  • circumnavigation
  • Vasco Núñez de Balboa
  • Hernan Cortes
  • Montezuma II
  • viceroys
  • Viceroyalty of New Spain
  • Mexico City
  • Francisco Pizarro
  • Athualpa
  • battle of Cajamarca
  • Viceroyalty of Peru
  • Lima
  • Juan Ponce de Léon
  • Fountain of Youth
  • Hernando de Soto
  • Francisco Vázquez de Coronado
  • Seven Golden Cities of Cíbola
  • Francisco de Orellana
  • Pedro de Valdivia
  • ​Spanish East Indies
  • Luzon
  • Mindanao
  • Spanish Main
  • Spanish treasure fleet
  • Manila galleons
  • Zacatecas
  • Cerro Potosí
  • consulado
  • Council of the Indies
  • audencias
  • sistema de castas
  • peninsulares
  • criollos
  • indios
  • negros
  • mestizos
  • mullatos
  • encomiendas
  • conquistadors
  • Dominican, Franciscan, and Jesuit missions
  • Buenos Aires
Picture
White represents the route of the Manila Galleons in the Pacific and the flota in the Atlantic. Blue represents Portuguese routes.
Portuguese and Spanish Exploration and Empire
Picture

French

Picture
Seaport at sunset (1639) by French painter Claude Lorrain
Picture
  • ​The Atlantic nations of France, England, and the Netherlands followed by establishing their own colonies and trading networks to compete with Portuguese and Spanish dominance in the 17th century. 
  • Giovanni da Verrazzano
  • Jacques Cartier
  • St. Lawrence River
  • Samuel de Champlain
  • Quebec City
  • Sieur de Maisonneuve
  • Montreal
  • New France
  • Canada
  • fur trade
  • Louis Jolliet
  • Jacques Marquette
  • Robert de La Salle
  • ​Louisiana
  • Sieur de Bienville
  • New Orleans
  • Saint-Domingue
  • Guadeloupe
  • Martinique
  • Saint Lucia
  • French India

English

Picture
Statue of Walter Raleigh in Raleigh, North Carolina
Picture
Virginea Pars map depicting the location of the Roanoke colony in 1585 along the coastline of present-day North Carolina.
  • sea dogs
  • letters of marque
  • privateers
  • John Hawkins
  • Francis Drake
  • Walter Raleigh
  • Roanoke Colony
  • raid on Cadiz, Spain
  • battle of Gravelines
  • Virginia
  • Virginia Company
  • John Smith
  • Jamestown
  • John Rolfe
  • tobacco
  • New England
  • Separatists
  • Plymouth, Massachusetts
  • William Bradford
  • Mayflower Compact
  • John Winthrop (City Upon a Hill)
  • King Philip’s War
  • Middle Colonies
  • mercantilism
  • triangular trade
  • English Navigation Acts
  • Anglo-Dutch Wars
  • ​​William Penn
  • Pennsylvania
  • Southern Colonies
  • George Calvert
  • Maryland
  • Carolinas
  • Lords Proprietors
  • Georgia
  • James Oglethorpe
  • British East India Company
  • Bermuda
  • Newfoundland
  • Nova Scotia
  • Hudson's Bay Company
  • Jamaica
  • Bahamas
  • Barbados
  • Nevis
  • St. Kitts
  • Antigua
  • Company of Scotland
  • Treaty of Union 
Picture

Dutch

Picture
Picture
Dutch whalers near Spitsbergen (1690) by Abraham Storck
Picture
  • spice trade
  • multinational corporation
  • Dutch East India Company
  • Dutch East Indies
  • Batavia
  • Jan Pieterszoon Coen
  • Pieter Pieterszoon Heyn
  • ​Abel Janszoon Tasman
  • Cape Colony
  • ​Boers
  • Willem Barentsz
  • Northeast Passage
  • ​Northwest Passage
  • Henry Hudson
  • Hudson River Valley
  • New Netherland
  • New Amsterdam
  • Hudson Bay
  • Aruba
  • Curaçao
  • Saint Maarten
  • Suriname
Picture
A number of East Indiamen off the Coast (The Mauritius and other East Indiamen Sailing out of the Marsdiep) (c. 1630) by Hendrick Cornelisz Vroom
French, English, and Dutch Exploration and Empire
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  • acc. PHILLIPS
  • America
    • Introduction
      • Course Overview
      • Policies
      • Essential Documents
    • 1492-1754
      • Colonization
    • 1754-1848
      • Revolution
      • Constitution
      • Expansion
    • 1848-1898
      • The Civil War
      • The Gilded Age
    • 1898-1945
      • The American Empire
      • The Great Depression
      • The Second World War
    • 1945-1991
      • The Early Cold War
      • The Great Society
      • The Late Cold War
    • 1991-Today
      • The Culture Wars
      • The War on Terror
  • Europe
    • Introduction
    • 1200-1450
    • 1450-1648
      • Renaissance
      • Reformation
      • Exploration
      • Links
      • Assignments
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Rick Steves Videos
        • Assorted Videos
      • Slideshows
    • 1648-1815
      • Sovereignty
      • Commerce
      • Reason
      • Revolution
      • Links
      • Readings and Assignments
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Assorted Videos
      • Slideshows
    • 1815-1914
      • Industry
      • Ideology
      • Empire
      • Modernity
      • Links
      • Readings and Assignments
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Assorted Videos
      • Slideshows
    • 1914-Today
      • WWI
      • WWII
      • Cold War
      • EU
      • Links
      • Assignments and Readings
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Assorted Videos
      • Slideshows
  • World
    • Ancient
    • Modern
      • Introduction
        • Course Overview
        • Policies
        • Essential Documents
        • Exam
      • 1200-1450
        • Asia
        • Africa
        • Europe
        • Americas
        • Trade
      • 1450-1750
        • Discovery
        • Maritime Empires
        • Land Empires
      • 1750-1900
        • Revolutions
        • Industrialization
        • Imperialism
      • 1900-Today
        • World Wars
        • Postwar World
        • Globalization
  • Research
  • Resources
  • About
  • Contact