acc. PHILLIPS
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    • 1848-1898
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      • The Gilded Age
    • 1898-1945
      • The American Empire
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      • 1200-1450
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      • 1450-1750
        • Discovery
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        • Land Empires
      • 1750-1900
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  • acc. PHILLIPS
  • America
    • Introduction
      • Course Overview
      • Policies
      • Essential Documents
    • 1492-1754
      • Colonization
    • 1754-1848
      • Revolution
      • Constitution
      • Expansion
    • 1848-1898
      • The Civil War
      • The Gilded Age
    • 1898-1945
      • The American Empire
      • The Great Depression
      • The Second World War
    • 1945-1991
      • The Early Cold War
      • The Great Society
      • The Late Cold War
    • 1991-Today
      • The Culture Wars
      • The War on Terror
  • Europe
    • Introduction
    • 1200-1450
    • 1450-1648
      • Renaissance
      • Reformation
      • Exploration
      • Links
      • Assignments
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Rick Steves Videos
        • Assorted Videos
      • Slideshows
    • 1648-1815
      • Sovereignty
      • Commerce
      • Reason
      • Revolution
      • Links
      • Readings and Assignments
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Assorted Videos
      • Slideshows
    • 1815-1914
      • Industry
      • Ideology
      • Empire
      • Modernity
      • Links
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        • John Green Videos
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      • Cold War
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      • 1200-1450
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      • 1450-1750
        • Discovery
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        • Land Empires
      • 1750-1900
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Global Empires,
​c. 1750-1900

​Industrialization

c. 1750-1900

Picture
Manchester from Kersal Moor, by William Wyld in 1857, a view dominated by chimney stacks as a consequence of the Industrial Revolution.

Contents


Industrialization, c. 1750-1900:
  • Objectives
  • The Factory System
  • The Second Industrial Revolution
  • ​Transportation, Communication, and Financial Networks
  • Social Class and Labor Movements

​Objectives

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  • ​Explain how environmental factors contributed to industrialization from 1750 to 1900.

  • ​​Explain how different modes and locations of production have developed and changed over time.
    ​
  • ​​​Explain how technology shaped economic production over time.

  • Explain the causes and effects of economic strategies of different states and empires.

  • ​Explain the development of economic systems, ideologies, and institutions and how they contributed to change in the period from 1750 to 1900.

  • ​​​Explain the causes and effects of calls for changes in industrial societies from 1750 to 1900.
    ​
  • ​​Explain how industrialization caused change in existing social hierarchies and standards of living.
Picture

​The Factory System

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The first World's Fair, the Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations  held at the Crystal Palace, London in 1851, housed 14,000 displays of industrial equipment from 25 countries.
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Industrial Manchester, England, c. 1844
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Essen, Germany, 1890
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African Americans slaves using the First cotton-gin, 1790-1800
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1890s loom
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child workers in a textile mill, Macon, Georgia, 1909
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Five Points, New York City was one of the slummiest slums that ever slummed.
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Crowded, unsanitary living conditions allowed diseases cholera and typhus to ravish urban communities.
  • ​​A variety of factors contributed to the growth of industrial production and eventually resulted in the Industrial Revolution, including:
    • Proximity to waterways; access to rivers and canals
    • Geographical distribution of coal, iron, and timber
    • Urbanization
    • Improved agricultural productivity
    • Access to foreign resources
    • Accumulation of capital

  • The development of the factory system concentrated production in a single location and led to an increasing degree of specialization of labor. ​

  • ​​The development of machines, including steam engines and the internal combustion engine, made it possible to take advantage of both existing and vast newly discovered resources of energy stored in fossil fuels, specifically coal and oil. The fossil fuels revolution greatly increased the energy available to human societies.
    ​
  • The rapid development of steam-powered industrial production in European countries and the U.S. contributed to the increase in these regions’ share of global manufacturing during the first Industrial Revolution. While Middle Eastern and Asian countries continued to produce manufactured goods, these regions’ share in global manufacturing declined.

  • The rapid urbanization that accompanied global capitalism at times led to a variety of challenges, including pollution, poverty, increased crime, public health crises, housing shortages, and insufficient infrastructure to accommodate urban growth.
audio pronunciation guide:
  • Agricultural Revolution
  • ​population revolution
  • Malthusian Catastrophe
  • proto-industrialization
  • Industrial Revolution
  • market revolution​
  • entrepreneur
  • factors of production
  • factory system
  • Thomas Newcomen steam engine
  • calicoes
  • Calico Acts of 1720-1721
  • ​John Kay flying shuttle
  • James Hargreaves spinning jenny
  • Richard Arkwright water frame
  • James Watt steam engine
  • Samuel Crompton spinning mule
  • Edmund Cartwright power loom
  • ​​Eli Whitney cotton gin
  • ​John Deere steel plow
  • Cyrus McCormick mechanical reaper
  • sweatshops
  • Luddites
  • Manchester, England
  • Francis Cabot Lowell
  • German Ruhr valley
  • "workshop of the world"
  • Great Exhibition of 1851 at Crystal Palace
  • ​​urbanization
  • cholera
  • typhus
  • Chadwick Report
  • British Public Health Act of 1848
  • Five Points, New York City
  • dumbbell tenements
The Factory System

​The Second Industrial Revolution

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Skyscrapers designed by William Le Baron Jenney, Louis Sullivan, and Daniel Burnham transformed American cities.
Assembly line production at Ford Motor Company plants greatly increased efficiency of manufacturing.
Picture
Picture
​Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection led to Social Darwinism, scientific racism, and eugenics as scientists sought to understand the origins and evolution of man.
Picture
chest X-ray at Cochin Hospital in Paris, c. 1914
The “second industrial revolution” led to new methods in the production of steel, chemicals, electricity, and precision machinery during the second half of the 19th century.
audio pronunciation guide:
  • Second Industrial Revolution
  • Antoine Lavoisier
  • Edward Jenner
  • Alessandro Volta
  • John Dalton
  • Charles Lyell
  • Michael Faraday
  • George Jennings
  • ​​Thomas Crapper
  • Georges Haussmann
  • Frederick Law Olmsted
  • Henry Bessemer
  • Bessemer Process
  • ​Alfred Krupp​​
  • ​Charles Darwin
  • Herbert Spencer
  • Social Darwinism
  • eugenics
  • ​Francis Galton
  • ​Arthur de Gobineau
  • rubber condoms
  • Alfred Nobel
  • Dmitri Mendeleev
  • Louis Pasteur
  • Joseph Lister
  • British Health Act of 1875
  • sewage systems
  • vaccinations
  • demographic transition
  • Christopher Sholes
  • Joseph Swan
  • Thomas Edison​
  • William Le Baron Jenney
  • skyscrapers
  • Louis Sullivan
  • Daniel Burnham
  • ​streetcar suburbs
  • ​George Eastman
  • Sigmund Freud
  • Ivan Pavlov
  • Marie and Pierre Curie
  • Max Planck
  • Albert Einstein​
  • Henry Ford
Picture
The first electric streetcars were opened to the public in Richmond, Virginia in 1888.
The Industrial Revolution.pdf from Dave Phillips
The Second Industrial Revolution

Transportation, Communication, and Financial Networks

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Picture
global steamship routes, c. 1920
Picture
Picture
Picture
View of the Boulevard du Temple, taken by Daguerre in 1838 in Paris, includes the earliest known photograph of a person. ​
Picture
George Stephenson's Rocket amazed onlookers when it sped along the Liverpool and Manchester Railway at 16 miles per hour in 1829.
Picture
Brazilian aviation pioneer Alberto Santos Dumont circling the Eiffel Tower in 1901.
Picture
Picture
Early airships like the German Zeppelin LZ 18 (L 2), pictured here in 1913, were filled with highly flammable hydrogen gas.
Picture
Guglielmo Marconi demonstrates radio.
Thomas Cook & Co. guided tourists around the world.
  • Railroads, steamships, and the telegraph made exploration, development, and communication possible in interior regions globally, which led to increased trade and migration.

  • ​​​Western European countries began abandoning mercantilism and adopting free trade policies, partly in response to the growing acceptance of Adam Smith’s theories of laissez-faire capitalism and free markets.

  • The global nature of trade and production contributed to the proliferation of large-scale transnational businesses that relied on new practices in banking and finance.
    ​
  • The development of industrial capitalism led to increased standards of living for some, and to continued improvement in manufacturing methods that increased the availability, affordability, and variety of consumer goods.​
audio pronunciation guide:
  • Robert Fulton
  • George Stephenson
  • Railway Mania
  • ​penny press
  • Louis Daguerre
  • Samuel F.B. Morse​​
  • Isambard Kingdom Brunel
  • Nikolaus Otto
  • London Underground
  • refrigerated railcars/reefer
  • ​Suez Canal
  • refrigerated ships/reefer ship
  • ​Transcontinental railroad
  • Alexander Graham Bell
  • Karl Benz
  • Gottlieb Daimler
  • George Eastman
  • Lumière brothers
  • Ferdinand von Zeppelin
  • Guglielmo Marconi
  • Orville and Wilbur Wright
  • HMS Dreadnought
  • ​Panama Canal
  • ​Trans-Siberian railroad
  • Adam Smith
  • free market laissez-faire classical economics
  • Iron Law of Wages
  • Zollverein
  • free trade
  • protective tariffs
  • ​Friedrich List
  • central banking
  • world trade
  • British gold standard
  • foreign investment
  • corporate capitalism
  • limited liability corporation
  • trust
  • cartels
  • IG Farben
  • Gilded Age
  • robber barons
  • ​Andrew Carnegie
  • vertical integration
  • John D. Rockefeller
  • horizontal integration
  • La Belle Epoque
  • ​zaibatsu
  • scientific management (Taylorism)
  • interchangeable parts
  • assembly line production
France during La Belle Epoque at the turn of the 20th century ​
Transportation, Communication, and Financial Networks

Social Class and Labor Movements

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Picture
Blackpool was a Victorian-era beach side resort which offered the middle and working classes all the entertaining marvels of the Modern Age.
Picture
Socialists despised capitalism as unjust suppression of the working class masses.
Picture
Critics of the People’s Budget of 1911 claimed its social benefits would ruin the British economy.
  • New social classes, including the middle class and the industrial working class, developed.
    ​

  • In industrialized states, many workers organized themselves, often in labor unions, to improve working conditions, limit hours, and gain higher wages. Workers’ movements and political parties emerged in different areas, promoting alternative visions of society.
    ​
  • Discontent with established power structures encouraged the development of various ideologies, including those espoused by Karl Marx, and the ideas of socialism and communism.

  • ​​​In response to the social and economic changes brought about by industrial capitalism, some governments, organizations, and individuals promoted various types of political, social, educational, and urban reforms.
audio pronunciation guide:
  • aristocracy
  • peerage
  • landed gentry
  • captains of industry
  • bourgeoisie
  • white-collar professionals
  • Victorian middle class values
  • conspicuous consumption
  • mass leisure culture
  • proletariat
  • Utilitarianism
  • suffrage
  • British Reform Act of 1832
  • Chartist Movement
  • mass politics
  • Australian secret ballot
  • compulsory elementary education
  • Jules Ferry Laws
  • British New Poor Law
  • workhouses
  • William and Catherine Booth - Salvation Army
  • ​​social question
  • child labor
  • Factory Act of 1833
  • Communist Manifesto
  • trade unions
  • strike​
  • general strike
  • American Federation of Labor
  • Great Railroad Strike of 1877
  • Eugene V. Debs
  • Homestead Strike
  • Pinkertons
  • ​revisionism
  • socialist parties
  • Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD)
  • German social legislation
  • Russian Social Democratic Party 
  • Vladimir Lenin - What Is to Be Done?
  • British Labour Party
Modern art, science, and society from Dave Phillips
Social Class and Social Reform
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© COPYRIGHT 2022.
  • acc. PHILLIPS
  • America
    • Introduction
      • Course Overview
      • Policies
      • Essential Documents
    • 1492-1754
      • Colonization
    • 1754-1848
      • Revolution
      • Constitution
      • Expansion
    • 1848-1898
      • The Civil War
      • The Gilded Age
    • 1898-1945
      • The American Empire
      • The Great Depression
      • The Second World War
    • 1945-1991
      • The Early Cold War
      • The Great Society
      • The Late Cold War
    • 1991-Today
      • The Culture Wars
      • The War on Terror
  • Europe
    • Introduction
    • 1200-1450
    • 1450-1648
      • Renaissance
      • Reformation
      • Exploration
      • Links
      • Assignments
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Rick Steves Videos
        • Assorted Videos
      • Slideshows
    • 1648-1815
      • Sovereignty
      • Commerce
      • Reason
      • Revolution
      • Links
      • Readings and Assignments
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Assorted Videos
      • Slideshows
    • 1815-1914
      • Industry
      • Ideology
      • Empire
      • Modernity
      • Links
      • Readings and Assignments
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Assorted Videos
      • Slideshows
    • 1914-Today
      • WWI
      • WWII
      • Cold War
      • EU
      • Links
      • Assignments and Readings
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Assorted Videos
      • Slideshows
  • World
    • Ancient
    • Modern
      • Introduction
        • Course Overview
        • Policies
        • Essential Documents
        • Exam
      • 1200-1450
        • Asia
        • Africa
        • Europe
        • Americas
        • Trade
      • 1450-1750
        • Discovery
        • Maritime Empires
        • Land Empires
      • 1750-1900
        • Revolutions
        • Industrialization
        • Imperialism
      • 1900-Today
        • World Wars
        • Postwar World
        • Globalization
  • Research
  • Resources
  • About
  • Contact