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  • acc. PHILLIPS
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  • acc. PHILLIPS
  • America
    • I: Early America
      • Course Info
      • 1492-1763
      • 1763-1783
      • 1783-1789
      • 1789-1815
      • 1815-1849
      • 1850-1865
      • 1865-1877
    • II: Modern America
      • Course Info
      • 1865-1890
        • The Western Frontier
        • The Gilded Age
      • 1890-1920
        • Progressivism
        • Imperialism & the First World War
      • 1920-1941
        • The Roaring Twenties
        • The Great Depression
      • 1941-1962
        • The Second World War
        • The Early Cold War
      • 1950-1975
        • The Great Society
        • The Vietnam War
      • 1968-1991
        • The Late Cold War
        • Pop Culture
      • 1991-Today
        • The Culture Wars
        • The War on Terror
  • Europe
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    • 1450-1648
      • Renaissance
      • Reformation
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Society,
c. 1648-c. 1815

By the end of the 18th century, it was evident that a high proportion of Europeans were better fed, healthier, longer lived, and more secure and comfortable in their material well-being than at any previous time ​in human history. 
Picture

Society, 
c. 1648-1815

The legacies of the 16th-century population explosion, which roughly doubled the European population, were social disruptions and demographic disasters that persisted into the 18th century. Volatile weather in the 17th century harmed agricultural production. In some localities, recurring food shortages caused undernourishment that combined with disease to produce periodic spikes in mortality. By the 17th century, the European marriage pattern, which limited family size, became the most important check on population levels, although some couples also adopted birth control practices to limit family size.
 
By the middle of the 18th century, better weather, improvements in transportation, new crops and agricultural practices, less epidemic disease, and advances in medicine and hygiene allowed much of Europe to escape from the cycle of famines that had caused repeated demographic disaster. By the end of the 18th century, reductions in child mortality and increases in life expectancy constituted the demographic underpinnings of new attitudes toward children and families. Particularly in western Europe, the demographic revolution, along with the rise in prosperity, produced advances in material well-being that did not stop with the economic: greater prosperity was associated with increasing literacy, education, and rich cultural lives (the growth of publishing and libraries, the founding of schools, and the establishment of orchestras, theaters, and museums).
 
By the end of the 18th century, it was evident that a high proportion of Europeans were better fed, healthier, longer lived, and more secure and comfortable in their material well-being than at any previous time in human history. This relative prosperity was balanced by increasing numbers of the poor throughout Europe, who strained charitable resources and alarmed government officials and local communities.


Source: https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/pdf/ap-european-history-course-and-exam-description.pdf

Population Growth

Picture
In the satire A Modest Proposal (1729), Jonathan Swift suggests that the poverty-stricken in overpopulated Ireland sell their children as food for rich gentlemen and ladies.

"I have been assured ... that a young healthy child well nursed is, at a year old, a most delicious nourishing and wholesome food, whether stewed, roasted, baked, or boiled  ..."
  • Agricultural Revolution
  • Jonathan Swift - Modest Proposal (1729)
  • Edward Jenner - smallpox vaccine (1798 )
  • ​Thomas Malthus - Malthusian Catastrophe
  • British census (1801)
  • David Ricardo - Iron Law of Wages

Consumer Revolution

The widespread construction of Palladian estates was a symbol of England's growing prosperity during the 1600s and 1700s.
  • Venice opera house (1637)
  • Royal Opera House (1732)
  • The London Tavern
  • Saint-Gobain glass mirror factory (1665)
  • George Ravenscroft - lead crystal glassware (1674)
  • forks
  • porcelain dishes and figurines
  • Palladian estates (Clandon Park, Stourhead)
  • grottos
  • Ludwig von Siegen - mezzotint printmaking
  • Marquis de Sade - Philosophy in the Bedroom (1795)

18th-Century Social Structure

Picture
Emperess Maria Theresa of Austria gave birth to 16 children.
  • British ranking as of Act of Union (1707)
  • Royal
  • Noble (Duke, Marquis, Earl, Viscount, Baron)
  • Gentry (Knight, Esquire, Gentleman)
  • Yeoman (burgher, landowning commoner)
  • Husbandman (tenant farmers)
  • Laborer (wage-earning peasant)
  • Ancien Regime
  • Abbé Sieyès - What is the Third Estate?  (1789)

18th-Century Crime and Punishment

Picture
The Frauds of London - the Gaming Table, the Fortune Teller, the Pick Pocket, the Sailor and Jew
  • Outlaw highwaymen
  • Dick Turpin
  • John “Sixteen-String Jack” Rann
  • Juraj Jánošík
  • British “Bloody Code”
  • debtors’ prisons - The Clink and Fleet Prison
  • penal colonies

18th–Century Urban Life

Picture
Gin Lane (1751) by William Hogarth ​depicts the squalor and despair of a community raised on gin showing shocking scenes of infanticide, starvation, madness, decay and suicide.  The mother in the foreground, addled by gin and driven to prostitution (as evidenced by the syphilitic sores on her legs) lets her baby slip from her arms and plunge to its death.  This was not such an exaggeration: in 1734, Judith Dufour reclaimed her two-year-old child from the workhouse where it had been given a new set of clothes; she then strangled it and left the infant's body in a ditch so that she could sell the clothes to buy gin.
  • Foundling homes
  • William Hogarth - Beer Street and Gin Lane (1751)
  • Paris police (1667)
  • Thames River Police (1798)
  • oil lamp street lighting
  • sedan chair

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  • acc. PHILLIPS
  • America
    • I: Early America
      • Course Info
      • 1492-1763
      • 1763-1783
      • 1783-1789
      • 1789-1815
      • 1815-1849
      • 1850-1865
      • 1865-1877
    • II: Modern America
      • Course Info
      • 1865-1890
        • The Western Frontier
        • The Gilded Age
      • 1890-1920
        • Progressivism
        • Imperialism & the First World War
      • 1920-1941
        • The Roaring Twenties
        • The Great Depression
      • 1941-1962
        • The Second World War
        • The Early Cold War
      • 1950-1975
        • The Great Society
        • The Vietnam War
      • 1968-1991
        • The Late Cold War
        • Pop Culture
      • 1991-Today
        • The Culture Wars
        • The War on Terror
  • Europe
    • Course Info
    • 1200-1450
    • 1450-1648
      • Renaissance
      • Reformation
      • Exploration
      • Links
      • Assignments
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Rick Steves Videos
        • Assorted Videos
      • Slideshows
    • 1648-1815
      • Sovereignty
      • Commerce
      • Reason
      • Society
      • Revolution
      • Links
      • Readings and Assignments
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
        • Assorted Videos
      • Slideshows
    • 1815-1914
      • Industry
      • Ideologies
      • Empire
      • Modernity
      • Links
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      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
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    • 1914-Today
      • WWI
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      • EU
      • Links
      • Assignments and Readings
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        • John Green Videos
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  • World
    • Ancient
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      • Course Info
        • Goals
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        • Thinking
        • Exam
      • 1200-1450
        • Asia
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        • Trade
        • Videos
      • 1450-1750
        • Discovery
        • Maritime Empires
        • Land Empires
        • Videos
      • 1750-1900
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        • Videos
      • 1900-Today
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        • Videos
  • Research
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  • About
  • Contact