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  • America
    • I: Early America
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  • acc. PHILLIPS
  • America
    • I: Early America
      • Course Info
      • 1492-1763
      • 1763-1783
      • 1783-1789
      • 1789-1815
      • 1815-1849
      • 1850-1865
      • 1865-1877
    • II: Modern America
      • Course Info
      • 1865-1890
        • The Western Frontier
        • The Gilded Age
      • 1890-1920
        • Progressivism
        • Imperialism & the First World War
      • 1920-1941
        • The Roaring Twenties
        • The Great Depression
      • 1941-1962
        • The Second World War
        • The Early Cold War
      • 1950-1975
        • The Great Society
        • The Vietnam War
      • 1968-1991
        • The Late Cold War
        • Pop Culture
      • 1991-Today
        • The Culture Wars
        • The War on Terror
  • Europe
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    • 1200-1450
    • 1450-1648
      • Renaissance
      • Reformation
      • Exploration
      • Links
      • Assignments
      • Videos
        • John Green Videos
        • Tom Richey Videos
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Ideologies,
​c. 1815-c. 1914

Picture
Women's Social and Political Union leaders Annie Kenney (left) and Christabel Pankhurst, c. 1908
Although the revolutions of 1848 were, as George Macaulay Trevelyan quipped, a “turning point at which modern history failed to turn,” they helped usher in a new type of European politics and diplomacy. ​

Ideologies,
c. 1815-1914

The French and industrial revolutions triggered dramatic political and social consequences and new theories to deal with them. The ideologies engendered by these 19th-century revolutions—conservatism, liberalism, socialism, nationalism, and even romanticism— provided their adherents with coherent views of the world and differing blueprints for change. The responses to socioeconomic changes reached a culmination in the revolutions of 1848, but the failure of these uprisings left the issues raised by the economic, political, and social transformations unresolved well into the 20th century.

Following a quarter-century of revolutionary upheaval and war spurred by Napoleon’s imperial ambitions, the Great Powers met in Vienna in 1814–1815 to re-establish a workable balance of power and suppress liberal and nationalist movements for change. Austrian Foreign Minister Klemens von Metternich led the way in creating an informal security arrangement to resolve international disputes and stem revolution through common action among the Great Powers. Nonetheless, revolutions aimed at liberalization of the political system and national self-determination defined the period from 1815 to 1848.
 
The revolutions that swept Europe in 1848 were triggered by poor economic conditions, frustration at the slow pace of political change, and unfulfilled nationalist aspirations. At first, revolutionary forces succeeded in establishing regimes dedicated to change or to gaining independence from great-power domination. However, conservative forces, which still controlled the military and bureaucracy, reasserted control.
 
Although the revolutions of 1848 were, as George Macaulay Trevelyan quipped, a “turning point at which modern history failed to turn,” they helped usher in a new type of European politics and diplomacy. Conservative leaders, exemplified by Napoleon III of France, used popular nationalism to advance state power and authoritarian rule.

In the second half of the 19th century, labor leaders in many countries created unions and syndicates to provide the working classes with a collective voice, and these organizations used collective action such as strikes and movements for men’s universal suffrage to reinforce their demands. Feminists and suffragists petitioned and staged public protests to press their demands for similar rights for women. The international movements for socialism, labor, and women’s rights were important examples of a trend toward international cooperation in a variety of causes, including antislavery and peace movements. Finally, political parties emerged as sophisticated vehicles for advocating reform or reacting to changing conditions in the political arena.
 
Nationalism acted as one of the most powerful engines of political change, inspiring revolutions as well as campaigns by states for national unity or a higher degree of centralization. Early nationalism emphasized shared historical and cultural experiences that often threatened traditional elites. Over the course of the 19th century, leaders recognized the need to promote national unity through economic development and expanding state functions to meet the challenges posed by industry.


Source: https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/pdf/ap-european-history-course-and-exam-description.pdf
Picture
"The [Paris] Commune arrested by Ignorance and Reaction", 1871
The responses to socioeconomic changes reached a culmination in the revolutions of 1848, but the failure of these uprisings left the issues raised by the economic, political, and social transformations 
unresolved well into the 20th century.

The Political Spectrum

Picture
  • Left-Right political divide
  • autocracy
  • conservatism
  • liberalism
  • radicalism
  • socialism
  • communism
  • anarchism 
Picture
Edmund Burke is considered to be the Father of Conservatism.
CONSERVATISM
  • Ancien Régime
  • reactionaries
  • Edmund Burke – Reflections on the French Revolution (1790)
  • Joseph de Maistre - Considerations on France (1797)
  • François-René de Chateaubriand - Genius of Christianity (1802)
  • Klemens von Metternich
  • Congress of Vienna
  • legitimate monarchies
LIBERALISM
  • classical liberalism
  • popular sovereignty
  • constitutional limits to state power
  • reform movements
  • limited suffrage
  • Utilitarianism
  • Jeremy Bentham - Principles of Morals and Legislation (1789)
  • Corn Laws
  • Anti-Corn Law League
  • John Stuart Mill - On Liberty (1859) 
  • republicanism
  • secularism
  • civil liberties
  • free-market laissez-faire capitalism​
Picture
Picture
Peterloo Massacre, 1819
Picture
Picture
Critics of the People’s Budget of 1911 claimed its social benefits weren't social liberalism but socialism that would ruin the British economy.
RADICALISM and SOCIAL LIBERALISM
  • ​Radicalism
  • Scottish Radical War (1820)
  • Luddites
  • Peterloo Massacre
  • Six Acts
  • Reform Act of 1832
  • Chartist movement (1836)
  • John Stuart Mill - Subjection of Women (1869)
  • British Labour Party
  • Jules Ferry 
  • Jules Ferry laws
  • New Liberals
  • T.H. Green
  • L.T. Hobhouse
  • J.A. Hobson
  • Henry Campbell-Bannerman
  • H.H. Asquith
  • David Lloyd George
  • welfare state
  • The People’s Budget of 1911
  • Friedrich Naumann - National-Social Association (1896)
  • Émile Durkheim 
Picture
Socialists despised capitalism as unjust suppression of the working class masses.
SOCIALISM and COMMUNISM
  • Utopian Socialism
  • Henri de Saint-Simon
  • planned economy
  • Charles Fourier
  • Étienne Cabet
  • communes
  • Louis Blanc - social workshops
  • Robert Owen - New Lanark, Scotland and New Harmony, Indiana 
  • Marxist Socialism, or Communism
  • Friedrich Engels - Working Class in England (1844)
  • Karl Marx and Engels - Communist Manifesto (1848)
  • Das Kapital (1867–1883)
  • Hegelian dialectic
  • First International (1864)
  • Second International (1889)
  • Communards of the Paris Commune (1871)
  • August Bebel - Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD)
  • Rosa Luxemburg and Clara Zetkin - Spartacus League 
Picture
ANARCHISM
  • Pierre Joseph Proudhon - What Is Property? (1840)
  • Mikhail Bakunin – syndicalism
  • Pyotr Kropotkin
  • propaganda of the deed
  • anarchist assassinations
  • Georges Sorel
Picture

The Concert of Europe

  • Klemens von Metternich
  • Congress of Vienna
  • legitimate monarchies
  • balance of power
  • Holy Alliance
  • Quadruple Alliance
  • Concert of Europe
  • Peterloo Massacre
  • Carbonari
  • Ferdinand VII of Spain
  • Decembrist Revolt ​
Picture

Early Nationalist Movements

Picture
Picture
  • Nationalism
  • Ethnic nation-states
  • jus sanguinis (law of blood)
  • G.W. Friedrich Hegel - nationalist zeitgeist
  • J.G. Herder
  • J.G. Fichte - volksgeist
  • Grimm Brothers
  • Burschenschaften
  • Carlsbad Decrees (1819)
  • Carbonari
  • Giuseppe Mazzini - Young Italy (1831)
  • Young Germany
  • Young Poland
  • Young Turks
  • Young Europe
  • Pan-Slavism
  • Lord Byron
  • Greek War of Independence
  • Belgian Revolution (1830)
  • Polish Uprising (1830-1831)
  • Act of Union (1800)
  • Daniel O'Connell
  • Charles Stewart Parnell
  • Irish Home Rule
  • Carlist Wars
  • Renaixença

July Revolution of 1830

  • Charles X of France
    ​(r. 1824–1830)
  • Charter of 1814
  • Saint-Cloud Ordinances
  • Three Glorious Days
  • Louis-Philippe of the French (r. 1830–1848)
  • Orléanists
  • Belgian Revolution (1830)
  • Polish Uprising (1830-1831)
Picture
Eugene Delacroix's Liberty Leading the People celebrates the July Revolution of 1830.

1848 Revolutions

Picture
  • “Hungry ’40s”
  • “Springtime of Nations”
  • Alphonse de Lamartine
  • Second Republic
  • universal male suffrage
  • Louis Blanc
  • national workshops
  • Party of Order
  • June Days
  • Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte
  • national plebiscite
  • Lajos Kossuth
  • Franz Josef of Austria-Hungary
    ​(r. 1848–1916)
  • Friedrich Wilhelm IV of Prussia
  • Frankfurt Assembly
  • Forty-Eighters

Mass Politics

  • British Reform Act of 1832
  • British Reform Act of 1867
  • British Reform Act of 1884
  • British Reform Act of 1918
  • rotten boroughs
  • British Conservative Party
  • Benjamin Disraeli
  • British Liberal Party
  • William Gladstone
  • Keir Hardie
  • Labour Party (1900)
  • Boulanger Affair (1886–1889)
  • Panama Canal Affair (1892)
  • Dreyfus Affair (1894–1906)​
Picture
Emile Zola's open letter to the president of France inflamed French political passions during the Dreyfus Affair (1894–1906) ​.
Picture
Picture
  • ​Robert Raikes - Sunday Schools
  • compulsory elementary education
  • Jules Ferry Laws
  • John Edgar - temperance movement (1829)
  • Joseph Livesey - teetotalism (1833)
  • British New Poor Law (1834)
  • workhouses
  • Jabez Tunnicliff - Band of Hope (1847)
  • William and Catherine Booth - Salvation Army (1864)
  • Contagious Diseases Acts (1864–1869)
  • Josephine Butler
  • German Sickness Insurance Law (1883)
  • German Accident Insurance Law (1884)
  • German Old Age Pension Law (1889)
  • ​labor unions legalization
  • general strikes
  • Russian Social Democratic Party (1898)
  • Vladimir Lenin - What Is to Be Done? (1902)
  • Bolshevik-Menshevik split
  • Fabian Society - H.G. Wells (Time Machine, 1895) and George Bernard Shaw (Pygmalion, 1912)
  • Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD)
  • Rosa Luxembourg - Mass Strike (1906)
  • Flora Tristan - Workers’ Union (1843)
  • Barbara Bodichon - English Women's Journal (1858)
  • Married Women's Property Act (1882)
  • suffragettes 
  • Millicent Fawcett - British National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (1897)
  • Emmeline, Christabel, and Sylvia Pankhurst - British Women's Social and Political Union (1903)
  • Emily Davison
Picture
Emmeline, Christabel, and Sylvia Pankhurst fought for women's suffrage.

19th-Century Urban and Social Reforms

Picture
Vienna, Austria, c. 1900
Picture
  • "spend a penny"
  • Thomas Crapper
  • British Public Health Act 1875
  • gas street lighting (London, 1807)
  • electric arc lamps (1881)​
Thomas Crapper’s toilet allowed people to give a crap to the sewers.
Picture
  • ​Octavia Hill
  • Charles Booth
  • company towns - New Lanark and Saltaire
  • housing estates (1890)
  • "Homes fit for heroes" campaign
  • British Housing Act (1919)
  • steam public rail (1825)
  • steam buses (1831)
  • electric trolley (1882)
  • combustion motor buses (1895)​
Picture
Progressive company towns like Saltaire gave industrial workers clean, healthy living accommodations.
Picture
Picture
The hot springs at Széchenyi Bath, Budapest, Hungary were opened to the public in 1913.
  • ​Rowland Hill - Uniform Penny Post
  • Robert Peel - London Metropolitan Police, or "Bobbies" (1829)
  • Princes Park, Liverpool, UK (1842)
  • Peel Park, Manchester, UK  (1846)
  • City Park, Budapest - Vajdahunyad Castle (1896) and Széchenyi Bath (1913)
  • national parks (1909)​

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  • acc. PHILLIPS
  • America
    • I: Early America
      • Course Info
      • 1492-1763
      • 1763-1783
      • 1783-1789
      • 1789-1815
      • 1815-1849
      • 1850-1865
      • 1865-1877
    • II: Modern America
      • Course Info
      • 1865-1890
        • The Western Frontier
        • The Gilded Age
      • 1890-1920
        • Progressivism
        • Imperialism & the First World War
      • 1920-1941
        • The Roaring Twenties
        • The Great Depression
      • 1941-1962
        • The Second World War
        • The Early Cold War
      • 1950-1975
        • The Great Society
        • The Vietnam War
      • 1968-1991
        • The Late Cold War
        • Pop Culture
      • 1991-Today
        • The Culture Wars
        • The War on Terror
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